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SPEAKER_2: You'll just fall in, okay?
SPEAKER_2: Because its gravity will just pull you in.
SPEAKER_2: It'll just, you can't not fall in it.
SPEAKER_2: But because it has more gravity than Earth does, if you let it go, it and Earth would fall towards each other and Earth would lose.
SPEAKER_2: It would eat the entire Earth systematically.
SPEAKER_2: It'll break apart Earth and just chew it and burp, and that's it.
SPEAKER_2: Welcome to Star Talk.
SPEAKER_2: Your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide.
SPEAKER_2: Star Talk begins right now.
SPEAKER_2: This is Star Talk, Cosmic Queries edition, Grab Bag.
SPEAKER_2: Chuck, that's your favorite category.
SPEAKER_1: Gotta love the grab bag, man.
SPEAKER_1: All kinds of good stuff all up in the grab bag.
SPEAKER_1: People just come at us with whatever they want.
SPEAKER_2: You put your hand in, you don't know what you're gonna pull out.
SPEAKER_1: That's right.
SPEAKER_2: And there it is.
SPEAKER_2: All right, let's get right to it.
SPEAKER_1: It's Star Talk Bingo.
SPEAKER_2: And it's all Patreon members.
SPEAKER_2: Five dollars a month gets you access.
SPEAKER_2: All right.
SPEAKER_2: All right, let's do it.
SPEAKER_1: Here we go, let's start off with.
SPEAKER_2: Waste no time.
SPEAKER_1: No time, we're jumping right into it.
SPEAKER_1: Kate, we're saw a poll in here.
SPEAKER_1: Lately, I've been wondering about the Fermi paradox.
SPEAKER_1: Do you think it could be possible we have found no advanced civilizations or have not been found because of the speed of light?
SPEAKER_1: Could they just be too far away or could it be that they have done to their planets what we are currently doing to ours and they're just all dead?
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_2: So, let me remind people about the Fermi paradox.
SPEAKER_2: Enrico Fermi, he was an Italian American physicist.
SPEAKER_2: A 20th century physicist, a brilliant guy.
SPEAKER_2: And he did an actual calculation on the back of an envelope, as we call it.
SPEAKER_2: So, it wasn't some grand chalkboard calculation, just he made some estimates.
SPEAKER_2: And he said, all right, I know the speed of light is fast, but let's say they have a civilization that can go maybe one fifth the speed of light, some fraction of this, 10% the speed of light.
SPEAKER_2: Is that asking too much?
SPEAKER_2: That's not too much.
SPEAKER_2: All right, but let's say 10% the speed of light.
SPEAKER_2: How long would it take you to cross the galaxy?
SPEAKER_2: The galaxy is 100,000 light years across.
SPEAKER_2: So, if you go 10% the speed of light, it'll take you 10 times that.
SPEAKER_2: So, it'll take you a million years.
SPEAKER_2: All right, that sounds long, but hang on a minute.
SPEAKER_2: That's not where you're first gonna go.
SPEAKER_2: You're gonna go from our star system to the nearby star system.
SPEAKER_2: And then you're gonna pitch tent, grow civilization, and now you're gonna launch again.
SPEAKER_2: And then, but now you're not just gonna go to one more, you're gonna go to two more.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: And then each of those two will go to two more each.
SPEAKER_2: That goes to four.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: To eight, to 16.
SPEAKER_2: And so your civilization spreads out rapidly, exponentially.
SPEAKER_2: All right?
SPEAKER_2: And you'll get to nearby stars in 10, 20, 30, 50 years.
SPEAKER_2: All right?
SPEAKER_2: And you just have a new civilization there, and they send out two more probes.
SPEAKER_2: What he concluded was, if any sensible assumptions you make, the whole galaxy and all available planets can be colonized within a few million years.
SPEAKER_2: That is short compared with the lifetime of the galaxy.
SPEAKER_2: So if it's nothing.
SPEAKER_2: So would Johnny come late, least years?
SPEAKER_2: Suppose you had an advanced civilization that started five billion years ago at the birth of the sun, a whole other star that's been around.
SPEAKER_2: All right.
SPEAKER_2: Then they could be all over the galaxy and we don't see them.
SPEAKER_2: Where are they?
SPEAKER_2: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: So then everyone is saying, well, how can we don't see them?
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: One of the reasons are they could be just like us and destroy their own planet.
SPEAKER_2: They're so smart, they figured out how to destroy themselves.
SPEAKER_2: That's one example.
SPEAKER_2: All right, another one is space travel is just too hard.
SPEAKER_2: You can move around to your moon.
SPEAKER_1: They're stupid.
SPEAKER_1: God, this is hard.
SPEAKER_4: It's just too hard.
SPEAKER_4: It's so crazy.
SPEAKER_1: Weeping aliens across the galaxy.
SPEAKER_2: They can't do it.
SPEAKER_2: All right, so that's one of the reasons.
SPEAKER_2: Another one, this is my favorite of them, is that whatever genetic profile, whether or not they use genes, whatever is in you that wants you to colonize planets, if that's driving your entire civilization, and you go this way and you get two planets and you get two planets, there'll come a time where we both want the same planet.
SPEAKER_1: Exactly.
SPEAKER_1: Why is their planet so much nicer than our planet?
SPEAKER_1: We all started at the same time.
SPEAKER_1: Why is their planet so much better?
SPEAKER_1: You know what we should do?
SPEAKER_1: I'm just saying, guys, what we should do, we should go over there and take that planet.
SPEAKER_1: We should take that planet, okay?
SPEAKER_1: Now, wait a minute.
SPEAKER_1: Just because...
SPEAKER_2: That's colonization in a nutshell.
SPEAKER_4: Yeah, there you go.
SPEAKER_1: Now, listen, just because we're on planet Caucasoid and they're on planet Negro doesn't mean that we're doing it just because of that.
SPEAKER_2: So, if that's the case, then the whole system will implode, which kind of happened with European colonists, all right?
SPEAKER_2: England had colonies, France had colonies, Spain had colonies, Portuguese had colonies, Portugal had colonies, Dutch had colonies, and you reach a point where there's not enough land to go around and they fight each other for control of that land, okay?
SPEAKER_2: So we saw that play out on Earth's surface, if you have this expansionist mentality.
SPEAKER_2: So it could be that whatever is the urge that would want to make that happen in the first place has the seeds of its own unraveling.
SPEAKER_1: So the curiosity that brings you to want to branch out and the drive, more importantly, is the thing that is your undoing, because that same drive caused you to lust for the very things that you want to achieve in others.
SPEAKER_1: Like, I don't want...
SPEAKER_1: I'm the only person that could have this, because I want to do this.
SPEAKER_1: Damn.
SPEAKER_2: And I wouldn't call it curiosity so much as hegemony.
SPEAKER_1: Great word.
SPEAKER_2: Good SAT word.
SPEAKER_2: Are you hegemonist?
SPEAKER_2: Just the need to conquer.
SPEAKER_2: This is a thing.
SPEAKER_2: But there's a third category or fourth.
SPEAKER_2: I lost track.
SPEAKER_2: This is my favorite.
SPEAKER_2: Ready?
SPEAKER_2: They have come to Earth and they tried to visit and they saw all of the space debris orbiting Earth.
SPEAKER_2: And they said...
SPEAKER_1: They were like, that's Sanford and Son planet.
SPEAKER_1: That's the Sanford and Son planet.
SPEAKER_2: You're saying those aliens are black?
SPEAKER_2: They say...
SPEAKER_1: Look at all that junk in their front yard.
SPEAKER_1: Nobody would have come to see this.
SPEAKER_1: Why would we want to go there?
SPEAKER_2: So there's that.
SPEAKER_2: Well, I got another one, right?
SPEAKER_2: So I take full credit for this one.
SPEAKER_2: They have visited, but they accidentally landed during Comic Con.
SPEAKER_2: Nobody noticed.
SPEAKER_1: That is so silly, but it's so funny.
SPEAKER_1: They're like, listen, we kept saying, take me to your leader.
SPEAKER_1: People would laugh at us and go, good one, good one.
SPEAKER_1: And love the costume, and then they would walk away from us.
SPEAKER_1: What's wrong with these people?
SPEAKER_2: What's up with that?
SPEAKER_2: So I think that one, that's the most fun one for me to think about.
SPEAKER_1: That's super cool.
SPEAKER_2: Or they, rather than destroy us, which is what every movie wants them to do, they phoned home and said, on Earth, they're just like us.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_1: Or nothing to see here.
SPEAKER_2: From the Comic Con experience.
SPEAKER_1: Could be that.
SPEAKER_2: Oh yeah, nothing interesting.
SPEAKER_1: Nothing to see here.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, so those are the prevailing, there might be others, those are the ones I carry with me.
SPEAKER_2: For solutions to the Fermi paradox.
SPEAKER_1: Fantastic.
SPEAKER_2: Why they're not here.
SPEAKER_1: Awesome.
SPEAKER_1: All right, let's go to Omar Marchelino.
SPEAKER_1: And Omar says, hello, Dr.
SPEAKER_1: Tyson and Chuck.
SPEAKER_1: Omar here, originally from the Boogie Down Bronx.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, Bronx in the house.
SPEAKER_1: Living in Texas now.
SPEAKER_1: My son Roman, who is seven, wants to know this from you, Dr.
SPEAKER_1: Tyson.
SPEAKER_1: If you had a chance to see only one, would you rather see dinosaurs live and roaming the planet or aliens?
SPEAKER_2: Oh.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, aliens.
SPEAKER_2: Because I already know about dinosaurs.
SPEAKER_1: Exactly.
SPEAKER_2: We see them in the movies, and they're pretty good.
SPEAKER_2: We have good bones and good archaeological.
SPEAKER_2: So I'm going to have to pick aliens.
SPEAKER_2: Only because, even though I love me some dinosaurs, we already have pretty good representations of them in movies.
SPEAKER_2: We got their fossil bones.
SPEAKER_2: We've got good archaeological evidence.
SPEAKER_2: And so, aliens, totally.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, definitely.
SPEAKER_2: And if it asked me to take it to our leader, I ain't taking it to the White House.
SPEAKER_2: I might go to Washington, where the National Academy of Sciences meets.
SPEAKER_2: That's cool.
SPEAKER_2: And bring them to a meeting.
SPEAKER_1: I would take them to Beyonce.
SPEAKER_2: That will mess with his head.
SPEAKER_2: All right.
SPEAKER_1: Very cool.
SPEAKER_2: Next question.
SPEAKER_1: This is Brendan Gambassi or Gambusche.
SPEAKER_1: He gave me a phonetic spelling.
SPEAKER_2: Helping you out, okay.
SPEAKER_1: Helping me out.
SPEAKER_1: Gambusche from Lansing, Michigan.
SPEAKER_1: He says, hello, Dr.
SPEAKER_1: Tyson.
SPEAKER_1: You can't pronounce Michigan?
SPEAKER_1: I got the guy's name finally right, and then I messed up the state.
SPEAKER_1: Isn't that something?
SPEAKER_1: Michigan.
SPEAKER_2: All right.
SPEAKER_1: He says, hello, Dr.
SPEAKER_1: Tyson.
SPEAKER_1: I am interested in knowing what your favorite astronomical discovery of all time is.
SPEAKER_1: And Lord Nice, what is your favorite thing that you've learned on Star Talk?
SPEAKER_1: I love that.
SPEAKER_1: I love it.
SPEAKER_1: That's hilarious.
SPEAKER_2: I love it.
SPEAKER_2: So my favorite is the fact that the discovery that we, all life on Earth and Earth itself, owes its chemical origins to stars that have exploded after having manufactured them in its core, that exploded, scattering that enrichment across the galaxy, reaching pristine gas clouds that would form a next generation of stars and planets, one of which was ours.
SPEAKER_2: That discovery was in 1957 in a research paper by four authors.
SPEAKER_2: One of them is a couple that were married, Burbage Burbage, Fowler and Hoyle.
SPEAKER_2: And that is basically the origin of the element.
SPEAKER_2: It's a spiritual gift of modern astrophysics to civilization.
SPEAKER_2: For us to now be able to tell you, we are not just figuratively so, we are literally stardust.
SPEAKER_2: And not only that, as we are alive in this universe, because we contain stardust, the universe is alive within us.
SPEAKER_2: That is my favorite astronomical discovery.
SPEAKER_1: Nice.
SPEAKER_2: All right.
SPEAKER_2: Chuck, what's your favorite thing you've learned?
SPEAKER_1: What I just learned right there.
SPEAKER_1: That'll do just fine.
SPEAKER_1: No, everything is my favorite thing that I've learned on this.
SPEAKER_2: Really?
SPEAKER_1: Oh, God, yes.
SPEAKER_1: I tell people all the time that my job is to take a master class in astrophysics with the world's foremost science communicator.
SPEAKER_1: Who could have a better job than that?
SPEAKER_2: Whoa.
SPEAKER_1: That's amazing, right?
SPEAKER_2: Okay, so you want a diploma or something?
SPEAKER_2: You're fucking for a certificate of completion.
SPEAKER_1: You know, it'd be kind of cool if I could get a little certificate.
SPEAKER_4: Chuck is not as stupid as you think.
SPEAKER_1: That's what my certificate says.
SPEAKER_1: Very cool.
SPEAKER_4: Now streaming exclusively on Paramount Plus.
SPEAKER_2: We are the Explore Press.
SPEAKER_1: Through great wonders and great danger.
SPEAKER_1: We come together.
SPEAKER_2: The new season of Star Trek Strange New Worlds.
SPEAKER_5: The next great age of exploration starts with us.
SPEAKER_3: Ready for some fancy flying Erica.
SPEAKER_4: Oh, you know I've got this.
SPEAKER_3: Star Trek Strange New Worlds.
SPEAKER_1: Now streaming on Paramount Plus.
SPEAKER_2: Live long and prosper.
SPEAKER_5: Hey, I'm Roy Hill Percival, and I support StarTalk on Patreon.
SPEAKER_5: Bringing the universe down to Earth, this is StarTalk with Neil deGrasse Tyson.
SPEAKER_5: Thanks for listening.
SPEAKER_2: All right, Chuck, let's keep this going.
SPEAKER_2: The party going.
SPEAKER_1: Keep the ball of wax rolling.
SPEAKER_1: Here we go, this is Matt Berg.
SPEAKER_1: He says, greetings.
SPEAKER_2: Wait, wait, keep the ball of wax rolling?
SPEAKER_1: What?
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, man.
SPEAKER_2: What balls of wax roll?
SPEAKER_2: What, what?
SPEAKER_2: Where did that come from?
SPEAKER_1: I don't even know what it is.
SPEAKER_2: What is that?
SPEAKER_1: It's just something that comedians used to say when they were MC shows.
SPEAKER_1: All right, guys, let's keep this ball of wax rolling.
SPEAKER_1: And I have no idea.
SPEAKER_2: Wax, it's not a thing that wax does.
SPEAKER_1: If you put it in a ball, it does.
SPEAKER_2: Well, then any ball would roll.
SPEAKER_2: It would just have to be wax.
SPEAKER_2: Okay, fine, go on.
SPEAKER_1: All right, this is Matt Berg.
SPEAKER_1: He says, greetings, Dr.
SPEAKER_1: Tyson, Lord Nice.
SPEAKER_1: Matt Berg here from Sheboygan Falls Middle School in Wisconsin.
SPEAKER_1: One main-
SPEAKER_2: Middle school.
SPEAKER_1: Middle school.
SPEAKER_1: Yes, sir, buddy.
SPEAKER_1: He says, what are the main concepts we discussed in my middle school class as the importance of basing final conclusions on scientific evidence that is gathered?
SPEAKER_1: A student and I were talking about the expansion of the universe, and she asked that if the universe is expanding faster than the speed of light, doesn't that, in essence, make part of the universe essentially inaccessible?
SPEAKER_1: Just as our seeing inside a black hole is impossible, thereby prohibiting us from ever gathering the needed information to make a final conclusion, especially back to the original singularity.
SPEAKER_1: If I understand this correctly, and this is indeed true, the fact that we are losing access to the evidence makes me feel very, very uneasy.
SPEAKER_1: Could you please, please make me feel better by telling me that I'm wrong?
SPEAKER_4: Help!
SPEAKER_4: Chuck, what's...
SPEAKER_2: We don't know he had all that emotion at the end of the letter.
SPEAKER_1: I took a little liberty.
SPEAKER_1: A little poetic license.
SPEAKER_2: By the way, three quarters of the way through that, we did not know whether that person was a student or a teacher.
SPEAKER_1: No, we didn't.
SPEAKER_2: We didn't.
SPEAKER_2: I said, damn, if a middle school student is asking that.
SPEAKER_2: Right, right.
SPEAKER_2: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: So, everything...
SPEAKER_2: Tell me the person's name again.
SPEAKER_1: This is Matt Berg.
SPEAKER_1: Matt Berg.
SPEAKER_1: Matt.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, Matt.
SPEAKER_2: Everything Matt says is correct.
SPEAKER_1: There you go, Matt.
SPEAKER_2: We are losing the universe as it expands beyond our horizon.
SPEAKER_2: Damn.
SPEAKER_2: And in the limit, if the acceleration of the expansion continues, then every single galaxy in the night sky will expand beyond our visible horizon, leaving our galaxy and the stars within it alone in our own observable universe.
SPEAKER_1: Look at that.
SPEAKER_1: We'll be an island galaxy.
SPEAKER_2: An island galaxy.
SPEAKER_2: And as far as we would know, an island universe.
SPEAKER_2: Why would there be anything else?
SPEAKER_2: In fact, that's what we used to think.
SPEAKER_2: We used to think all the galaxies were just fuzzy little things within the Milky Way.
SPEAKER_2: And Hubble, 1926, says, Whoa, these fuzzy things are flying away.
SPEAKER_2: They can't be within our own galaxy.
SPEAKER_2: They're other galaxies.
SPEAKER_2: So, if the day that comes where all the galaxies have expanded beyond our horizon, we will return to what we thought the universe was like before Hubble.
SPEAKER_2: Just our own galaxy and that's it.
SPEAKER_2: So, yeah, it's where the galaxy is thinning out.
SPEAKER_2: Get over it.
SPEAKER_1: Look at that.
SPEAKER_1: Just like your hair, Matt.
SPEAKER_3: No, stop.
SPEAKER_3: It's what you...
SPEAKER_1: These are just the harsh realities of life, my friend.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_1: This is Jesse McIntyre.
SPEAKER_1: And Jesse says, Hey, Nunchuck and Dr.
SPEAKER_1: Tyson.
SPEAKER_1: Jesse, the farmer, he called me Nunchuck.
SPEAKER_2: Nunchuck, all right.
SPEAKER_1: I guess I've got to get ready to get flung around by Bruce Lee.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, you're a martial arts weapon.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: This is Jesse the farmer from Duval, Washington, here.
SPEAKER_1: Regarding quantum entanglement, if information is instantaneous, regardless of distance, is the bridge between the two particles possibly an Einstein-Rosen bridge?
SPEAKER_1: Well, anyway, love the show and get learned.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: Boom, there you go.
SPEAKER_2: And just to bring closure to that, I think I mentioned this in another episode.
SPEAKER_2: I was having lunch with Brian Greene, author of The Elegant Universe and several other books that followed that.
SPEAKER_1: Friend of the show.
SPEAKER_2: And brilliant educator, co-founder with his wife of the World Science Festival, held annually in New York.
SPEAKER_1: Cool.
SPEAKER_2: And so what he told me was, in the vacuum of space, we've known that there are these things called virtual particles.
SPEAKER_2: Because quantum physics says you can't have zero energy anywhere.
SPEAKER_2: That there's fluctuations in the space-time fabric.
SPEAKER_2: Quantum fluctuations that will always give you a little bit of energy.
SPEAKER_2: You'll never be pure zero.
SPEAKER_2: There are people who want to tap that vacuum energy and like propel themselves with it.
SPEAKER_2: We don't know how to do that yet, or if ever.
SPEAKER_2: But point is, these virtual particles pop in and out of existence from that energy, equals mc squared, then they come back together again.
SPEAKER_2: So, when they pop into existence, they are quantum entangled.
SPEAKER_2: And then they return no longer quantum entangled.
SPEAKER_2: There's been some thinking lately to suggest that these two quantum entangled particles are connected by a wormhole, such as the EP bridge that you mentioned.
SPEAKER_2: That's a wormhole.
SPEAKER_2: Right.
SPEAKER_2: It's just a fancier name for a wormhole.
SPEAKER_2: So, if that's the case, and these particles are happening everywhere, it may be that wormholes are themselves the fabric that stitches the space-time continuum.
SPEAKER_4: Oh, look at that.
SPEAKER_2: That the wormholes that connect entangled particles is the medium of the space-time continuum.
SPEAKER_2: And that's a profound new thought.
SPEAKER_2: That's my new thought for the month.
SPEAKER_1: That's amazing.
SPEAKER_1: That's crazy, by the way.
SPEAKER_2: It's crazy.
SPEAKER_2: It had to be stitched somehow.
SPEAKER_2: And it's the wormholes.
SPEAKER_1: Amazing.
SPEAKER_1: That is fantastic.
SPEAKER_1: I'm so glad you asked that question, Jesse McIntyre.
SPEAKER_1: That was amazing.
SPEAKER_2: All right.
SPEAKER_2: What kind of farmer is it?
SPEAKER_2: Washington is growing apples or grapes?
SPEAKER_2: One or the other.
SPEAKER_1: What is it?
SPEAKER_1: Very good pinos, right?
SPEAKER_1: Oregon?
SPEAKER_2: Yes, yes.
SPEAKER_1: Washington pinos.
SPEAKER_2: And Chardonnay.
SPEAKER_1: Chardonnay as well.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, very cool.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_1: My first query ever, guys.
SPEAKER_1: He says, this one's kind of been gnawing at me.
SPEAKER_1: Regarding black holes, how can matter fall into the Singularity or even pass the event horizon at all?
SPEAKER_1: If someone approaching the event horizon would see for the first time the rest of the universe speed up infinitely and black holes don't last for an infinite time due to Hawking radiation, shouldn't any matter matter falling towards the event horizon either be instantly turned into Hawking radiation in its own time frame, or simply ride the event horizon down as the black hole evaporates away?
SPEAKER_1: Neither one of these would allow you to go to the Singularity, which is something physics can't currently explain anyway.
SPEAKER_1: Love listening to you guys keep up with this incredible show.
SPEAKER_2: And who asked this question?
SPEAKER_1: This is Colin Brum.
SPEAKER_2: Okay, Colin Brum, Chuck gave you attitude for the end of that question.
SPEAKER_2: Which physics can't explain anyway.
SPEAKER_1: Well, you know, I see these kind of like comments sometimes where people really think...
SPEAKER_2: I'm just saying, you up there, nobody gave you permission to give attitude to the question.
SPEAKER_1: A lot of people think that the Singularity is a BS concept.
SPEAKER_1: They think it's cheating.
SPEAKER_2: No, it's the edge of Einstein's general theory of relativity.
SPEAKER_2: And we need another theory to extend it.
SPEAKER_2: So it's not cheating, it's just our ignorance.
SPEAKER_1: There you go, right.
SPEAKER_2: We're very candid about it.
SPEAKER_1: You can be ignorant of something and go to the edge of knowledge.
SPEAKER_1: But then you just say, I'm at the edge of knowledge.
SPEAKER_1: We need something else here now.
SPEAKER_1: Because if we step over this line, shit doesn't work.
SPEAKER_1: I'm sorry, stuff does not work out anymore.
SPEAKER_1: So we need something else.
SPEAKER_1: I think that's brilliant.
SPEAKER_1: That's one of the things I love most about every time we do this show.
SPEAKER_2: And just to end, it's occasionally said that the singularity of a black hole is where God divided by zero.
SPEAKER_2: That's right.
SPEAKER_2: Remember, you're not supposed to divide by zero.
SPEAKER_2: I can't divide by zero.
SPEAKER_1: Don't do that.
SPEAKER_2: So, here's the thing.
SPEAKER_2: If you fall towards a black hole, you're just going to fall in.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: You don't stop anywhere.
SPEAKER_2: You just keep going.
SPEAKER_2: If we try to watch you fall in, that's a different story.
SPEAKER_2: Okay?
SPEAKER_2: But you, you and your time frame, time is ticking just like normal for you.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: So no, you're not held up.
SPEAKER_2: But as you cross the event horizon and you go down towards the center of the black hole, you will see the entire future history of the universe unfold before you.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: And if you don't come out the other side, an interesting question is there.
SPEAKER_2: You will get Hawking radiated Uh-huh.
SPEAKER_2: While you're watching the future history of the universe play out.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: That can't be comfortable.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, I don't know what's worse, the spaghettification falling in or the Hawking radiation atom by atom as you come out.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah.
SPEAKER_1: So yeah, so it's all about frame of reference.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: It's all about frame of reference.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: So if you try to look at it like you're not without the frame of reference, then you're screwing the whole thing up.
SPEAKER_2: Right, exactly.
SPEAKER_2: You're combining, you're cross combining frames of reference and you can't do that.
SPEAKER_1: You can't do that.
SPEAKER_2: It doesn't work out.
SPEAKER_2: You don't get a coherent understanding of what's going on.
SPEAKER_1: There you go.
SPEAKER_1: This is Dre Adamenko.
SPEAKER_1: Dre Adamenko.
SPEAKER_1: He says, a mirror shows a reflection of whatever is in front of it.
SPEAKER_1: What does it reflect if we put a second identical mirror directly in front of it with 100% precision?
SPEAKER_1: We've all seen the infinite tumble of mirrors in the public bathrooms when they're facing each other, but it's impossible to look directly at the center because the object or the person is in the way.
SPEAKER_1: What would we see at the center?
SPEAKER_1: Darkness?
SPEAKER_1: A void?
SPEAKER_1: A parallel universe?
SPEAKER_1: This is really bending my mind, man!
SPEAKER_2: Who asked this again?
SPEAKER_1: This is Dre Adamenko.
SPEAKER_2: Dre, if you manage to do this, it will create a rip in the space-time fabric of the universe.
SPEAKER_1: Look at that.
SPEAKER_2: I don't recommend it.
SPEAKER_1: You will destroy us all, Dre.
SPEAKER_1: That's what will happen.
SPEAKER_2: So what would be this?
SPEAKER_2: So let me just think this through.
SPEAKER_2: I haven't thought about this before.
SPEAKER_2: So if they're exactly front and back, there will be some light that comes in from the side, but that will reflect off to the other side, okay, and it won't go in line with the mirrors.
SPEAKER_2: They're exactly facing each other, and there's no light in that path, then it should just be completely dark with nothing to reflect, ruining your funhouse mirror phenomenon.
SPEAKER_2: It would just go dark.
SPEAKER_2: But as it already is, if you look at the multiple mirror reflections, the farther in the mirror you see, the dimmer it gets.
SPEAKER_1: The dimmer it gets, that's right.
SPEAKER_2: That's correct, because it has less light to…
SPEAKER_1: To reflect back and forth.
SPEAKER_2: To reflect black all that many times.
SPEAKER_2: So it gets darker and darker and darker, but in this case, there's no reason why it wouldn't just be dark right off the top, because there's no light there.
SPEAKER_1: There you go.
SPEAKER_1: So there you have it.
SPEAKER_2: Now, I've never done the experiment, but using my knowledge of reflections and physics, that would be my answer.
SPEAKER_1: Super cool.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah.
SPEAKER_1: It'd be cool to see, you know.
SPEAKER_2: So what you might do is get a two-way mirror, and then they put a laser through, you know, when it comes through, and you'll still get a reflection.
SPEAKER_2: See what happens.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah.
SPEAKER_1: So there's your homework.
SPEAKER_1: Got a little homework to do, buddy.
SPEAKER_1: Okay?
SPEAKER_2: Yeah.
SPEAKER_1: All right, here we go.
SPEAKER_1: This is Piotr Torunski.
SPEAKER_2: Mm-hmm.
SPEAKER_1: Torunski.
SPEAKER_1: I think so.
SPEAKER_1: You know, and it's Piotr from Poland, so maybe it's just, maybe that's Polish way of saying Peter.
SPEAKER_1: I'm going to call you Peter, boy.
SPEAKER_1: He says, hey, Dr.
SPEAKER_1: Tyson, what's up, Chuck?
SPEAKER_1: My question concerns the shape of the universe.
SPEAKER_1: If we know that the universe is ever-expanding, does that mean it has an edge?
SPEAKER_1: If the Big Bang happened in all places at once, does maybe then the universe keep expanding more like a ball, so without a clear edge?
SPEAKER_1: If so, would that ball be in some higher dimension?
SPEAKER_1: Thanks, and love to show Peter, or Piotr, from Poland.
SPEAKER_2: So, excellent question, so first of all, the universe, when we speak of its size, it's to our horizon, and that's 14 billion light-years away.
SPEAKER_2: Now that edge is today farther away than that, because it's been expanding for 14 billion years since then, so if you look at the actual diameter of the full universe, it's not an observable diameter, but you can calculate it.
SPEAKER_2: Last I checked, it was something like 92-94 billion miles in diameter, the universe today.
SPEAKER_2: Beyond the horizon, there's no reason to think there isn't more universe, just like a ship at sea, there's probably more ocean just beyond your horizon.
SPEAKER_2: Eventually, you hit land, great, but until then, you're not saying all I can see is the entire ocean.
SPEAKER_2: No one is saying that.
SPEAKER_2: All right.
SPEAKER_2: So now, the question was, what's outside of that, the expansion?
SPEAKER_2: Well, we don't know for sure, but the multiverse, which is what you get for free when you bring quantum physics to general relativity at Einstein, you get a multiverse that's pumping out universes.
SPEAKER_2: And there are different levels of multiverse.
SPEAKER_2: But the simplest is that it's outside of our horizon, there are other bubbles of universes.
SPEAKER_2: So that doesn't require a higher dimension to embed them.
SPEAKER_2: It's just, just imagine, how would you do this, a big expanding rubber sheet, but you have these circles that you draw, and each circle in that circle is an expanding circle.
SPEAKER_2: Well, that's a universe, and then another universe over here.
SPEAKER_2: So the space-time would enclose multiple universes that are expanding.
SPEAKER_2: That can happen too.
SPEAKER_2: But there are higher level multiverses that require embedding in higher dimensions.
SPEAKER_2: And you can do that.
SPEAKER_2: You can have infinite universes that don't overlap.
SPEAKER_2: You know how to do that?
SPEAKER_2: Did I tell you how to do that?
SPEAKER_1: You watch Rick and Morty?
SPEAKER_2: Yes, that's how you do that.
SPEAKER_2: So let's take it down a few dimensions.
SPEAKER_2: So let's say the universe is a flat sheet of paper, two dimensions instead of three spatial dimensions.
SPEAKER_2: Make that sheet of paper infinitely large.
SPEAKER_2: Right.
SPEAKER_2: Now take another sheet of paper, put it above it and make that infinitely large.
SPEAKER_2: We have two infinite sheets of paper that do not intersect.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: They don't touch each other.
SPEAKER_1: They never touch.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, because they're embedded in a higher dimension.
SPEAKER_1: They are literally parallel universes.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, there you go.
SPEAKER_2: So we take our universe and embed it in a higher dimension.
SPEAKER_2: We could be infinite sitting right next to another infinite universe and never the twain would meet.
SPEAKER_2: That being said, there are people who are looking for universes that go bump in the night.
SPEAKER_2: Is there a signature in our universe in this direction that looks a little different from this direction?
SPEAKER_2: Is this bruised in any way?
SPEAKER_2: Did we get knocked by another universe passing through, passing by?
SPEAKER_2: There are people who have looked.
SPEAKER_2: They haven't found any anomalous features in the edge of our signatures.
SPEAKER_1: Super cool.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah.
SPEAKER_1: You just gotta love this stuff, man.
SPEAKER_1: What the hell is wrong with people?
SPEAKER_1: I love this!
SPEAKER_1: Okay, this is Zach Stein.
SPEAKER_1: He says, hello, this is Zach.
SPEAKER_1: I'm a first time caller from Kentucky.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, first time caller.
SPEAKER_4: Long time listener, first time caller.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, he says, how does scale pertain to the multiverse and quantum theory?
SPEAKER_1: If the rules of physics could change in a different universe, could this be factored into changes in scale?
SPEAKER_1: We already see this in quantum mechanics.
SPEAKER_1: Could the same thing happen as we move up in scale in any other direction?
SPEAKER_2: Okay, so scale, I don't know if I fully understand the question, but I can tell you this.
SPEAKER_2: When we figured out planets going around stars, we said, that's cool, okay.
SPEAKER_2: Then we would later learn about atoms that have electrons.
SPEAKER_2: And they say, well, we've been down that road before.
SPEAKER_2: We got planets going around stars, electrons going around nucleus.
SPEAKER_2: So is it that all the way down?
SPEAKER_2: Is it that all the way up?
SPEAKER_2: Is this things orbiting other things?
SPEAKER_2: Turns out, no, it's not.
SPEAKER_2: It's very, very different.
SPEAKER_2: That's why we don't say electrons orbit.
SPEAKER_2: We say they move in orbitals.
SPEAKER_2: We borrowed the word, added an AL at the end.
SPEAKER_2: So electrons exist in orbitals, not orbits.
SPEAKER_2: So it's not scalable in that sense.
SPEAKER_2: It's just not just a big version of something little or little version of something big.
SPEAKER_2: Plus there are other issues, right?
SPEAKER_2: So Chuck, if you had to scratch your head, because you got a head itch, show me how you would do that.
SPEAKER_2: Just do it.
SPEAKER_2: Okay, there it is.
SPEAKER_2: Scratch your head.
SPEAKER_2: Yep.
SPEAKER_2: You did that like a monkey does it, you know.
SPEAKER_1: Pinky finger.
SPEAKER_1: I thought I was being dainty.
SPEAKER_2: Do you have lice?
SPEAKER_2: Just let me know.
SPEAKER_2: So you have an itch in your head.
SPEAKER_2: And you responded within a fraction of a second.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: If you were, if things just scaled and you were the size of a galaxy.
SPEAKER_2: And just say, just make it bigger.
SPEAKER_2: If you're the size of a galaxy and your head itched, you'd have to send the signal from your head to your finger, to your brain, to your fingertip, and then move your fingertip to scratch your head.
SPEAKER_2: That can't happen any faster than the speed of light.
SPEAKER_1: Exactly.
SPEAKER_2: So the galaxy is 100,000 light years across.
SPEAKER_2: So the signal to get to your fingertip and then come back and scratch your head would take 200,000 years to scratch your head.
SPEAKER_2: That's not particularly helpful if you got an itch.
SPEAKER_1: It's not very efficient.
SPEAKER_2: So we're thinking big creatures that if they existed, itching is not a thing, okay?
SPEAKER_2: So my point is things just don't scale the way you might want them to.
SPEAKER_2: Otherwise it would make for very easy nesting doll universe all the way down and all the way up.
SPEAKER_2: So that being said, it is possible for other universes to have slightly different laws of physics.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, that is possible.
SPEAKER_2: And that would change everything.
SPEAKER_2: And if you come upon such a universe, do not knock on its door.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah.
SPEAKER_2: Send in something else, okay?
SPEAKER_2: Send in a gerbil or something.
SPEAKER_2: I don't know.
SPEAKER_2: Nobody likes rats.
SPEAKER_2: Send in a rat.
SPEAKER_2: Find out what happens to the rat, all right?
SPEAKER_2: If it collapses into a pile of goo, or explodes with its guts all over, or it comes back with three eyeballs, you know, I don't know.
SPEAKER_2: Depending on the laws of physics, very many things can be different.
SPEAKER_2: Wow.
SPEAKER_1: There you go.
SPEAKER_1: That's very cool.
SPEAKER_2: And by the way, in the Cosmic Queries book, book, okay?
SPEAKER_2: That's one of the installments of the Star Talk book series in collaboration with National Geographic.
SPEAKER_2: In that book, there's an entire chapter.
SPEAKER_2: There's an entire chapter on how the universe will die.
SPEAKER_2: And it has all the ways.
SPEAKER_2: And it describes how the multiverse gives us all these different combinations of size, laws of physics, and the like.
SPEAKER_2: So it's a fun read.
SPEAKER_2: So check it out.
SPEAKER_2: Very cool.
SPEAKER_1: Let's go to Renee Skirp.
SPEAKER_1: Renee says, hello.
SPEAKER_1: Hypothetically speaking, could you walk on the rings of Saturn?
SPEAKER_1: Again, hypothetically, if you were to land on Jupiter or a gas giant, would you just fall straight to the core?
SPEAKER_1: Can't wait to hear the answer.
SPEAKER_1: Thanks, Renee.
SPEAKER_2: All right.
SPEAKER_2: So here's what will happen.
SPEAKER_2: Saturn's rings are not a thing.
SPEAKER_2: There's just like countless particles orbiting Saturn.
SPEAKER_2: So you can't take your car and drive on the Saturn's rings like it's a racetrack.
SPEAKER_2: And it's not a surface.
SPEAKER_2: And all the gravity points towards Jupiter.
SPEAKER_2: So no, you cannot walk on, not even hypothetically, and you walk on Saturn's rings.
SPEAKER_1: Not even hypothetically.
SPEAKER_1: Dang.
SPEAKER_2: Not even hypothetically.
SPEAKER_2: Sorry about that.
SPEAKER_1: So disappointing.
SPEAKER_2: So now you want to land on Jupiter or Saturn.
SPEAKER_2: You get to the outer surface, but it's gaseous.
SPEAKER_2: And you keep falling and you keep falling and you keep falling until you and the surrounding gaseous have the same density.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: Then you'll just float there.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, just like in your own water.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_2: You finally, you'll get to a place under pressure.
SPEAKER_2: Under pressure.
SPEAKER_2: Where you'll just be buoyant in there.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, when I, the little bit of scuba diving I've done, if you want to get to a certain depth, you have to wear weights.
SPEAKER_2: And weights.
SPEAKER_2: And weights, exactly.
SPEAKER_1: Just for that reason, you know.
SPEAKER_2: You scuba dived before?
SPEAKER_1: Oh yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, wow.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, I enjoy it immensely.
SPEAKER_2: Okay, what does scuba stand for?
SPEAKER_1: Oh God, you would do this to me.
SPEAKER_1: I know it's an acronym.
SPEAKER_1: Hold on.
SPEAKER_1: Subway, oh shit.
SPEAKER_1: Oh crap, crap, crap, crap.
SPEAKER_1: I can't remember.
SPEAKER_3: Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, got it.
SPEAKER_2: Okay, just to atone, what does laser stand for?
SPEAKER_1: Oh man, I can't believe you did this to me.
SPEAKER_2: I'm just trying to help.
SPEAKER_2: I'm trying to give you just save face here.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_1: Light, amplified, stimulated, emission.
SPEAKER_1: Wait, what's the R?
SPEAKER_1: Stimulated emission, what's the R?
SPEAKER_1: Damn it, I'm losing my mind.
SPEAKER_2: Light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation.
SPEAKER_1: Radiation, okay, I should have known that.
SPEAKER_2: All right, you're 0 for 2, you need one out of here, okay.
SPEAKER_2: What does AM stand for, AM and PM, AM?
SPEAKER_1: AM stands for static-y radio.
SPEAKER_2: No.
SPEAKER_2: Okay, you win, okay, we'll let you out of that one.
SPEAKER_2: I'm trying to help you out here, AM and PM, you know what AM stands for?
SPEAKER_1: I don't really know, I'm terrible at these.
SPEAKER_2: You use it every day, AM and PM.
SPEAKER_1: So after midnight and I don't know, post-morning, I don't know.
SPEAKER_2: Maybe we'll do one with abbreviations, we'll do an explainer one day.
SPEAKER_1: We should because let me tell you something, I use all this stuff.
SPEAKER_1: Here's the problem, I read these things, and then I just forget, you know why?
SPEAKER_1: Because you never say them.
SPEAKER_2: Plus you need context to understand.
SPEAKER_2: Once I teach you AM and PM, you'll never forget it.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: Promise.
SPEAKER_1: I'm not going to look it up.
SPEAKER_1: And I don't do Google.
SPEAKER_1: When I don't know something, I don't do the whole like, let me run the Google.
SPEAKER_1: I'm like, okay, I got to look it up and I got to read it.
SPEAKER_1: But like laser, I'll read that a million times and I still won't remember it.
SPEAKER_1: So at Scuba, when I first Scuba dived, I had to of course look up, that's the first thing they make you learn.
SPEAKER_1: Before you ever put the tank on and go into the pool, which is when you learn is the pool.
SPEAKER_1: But yeah, you got to learn.
SPEAKER_1: But I'm interested for AMP and I'm not going to look it up.
SPEAKER_2: We'll do it.
SPEAKER_2: You have AMP, there's AM and FM, XM, XM radio.
SPEAKER_2: Those all stand for things.
SPEAKER_1: Let's do it.
SPEAKER_1: We'll do that as a winner.
SPEAKER_1: That'll be fun.
SPEAKER_1: That's a fun one.
SPEAKER_2: So did I finish answering that question?
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, you did.
SPEAKER_1: Because basically, the answer is no.
SPEAKER_1: You can't walk on the rings of Saturn.
SPEAKER_1: And no, you cannot fall to the center of a gas giant.
SPEAKER_1: You're going to at some point reach a place of buoyancy, and you're going to be stuck there.
SPEAKER_2: And there is a place we think Jupiter has a solid core, very far down.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: But you'll be crushed before you get there.
SPEAKER_2: What, was it a solid core or a fix?
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, you're long dead before that happens.
SPEAKER_2: You're long dead before you ever reach it.
SPEAKER_2: There's like an earth mass of solid stuff in the center of Jupiter.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, I did not know that.
SPEAKER_1: Jupiter is that big that inside it's pregnant with a little earth.
SPEAKER_1: That's awesome.
SPEAKER_2: It's a tootsie roll.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, tootsie pop.
SPEAKER_1: That's great.
SPEAKER_2: Last question.
SPEAKER_1: One more.
SPEAKER_2: Real quick.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_1: Here we go.
SPEAKER_1: Let me find one.
SPEAKER_1: Quick one.
SPEAKER_1: Here we go.
SPEAKER_1: This is Bruce Ryan.
SPEAKER_1: Bruce Ryan says this.
SPEAKER_1: What's up, gents?
SPEAKER_1: Bruce Ryan here from Alexandria, Virginia.
SPEAKER_1: Suppose there was a small black hole with an event horizon the size of a basketball floating in front of you.
SPEAKER_1: What would happen if you put your hand through that event horizon?
SPEAKER_1: Would it suck your entire body through?
SPEAKER_1: Or would you just lose your hand or something?
SPEAKER_1: Kind of wild in a way.
SPEAKER_1: I like that question.
SPEAKER_2: I don't know if it will just bite off your hand or if you will fall into it.
SPEAKER_2: What I do know is that if you let go of it, okay, by the way, that basketball size black hole would have more mass than the entire Earth.
SPEAKER_2: So what would really happen is you will fall in.
SPEAKER_2: You will just fall in, okay?
SPEAKER_2: Because its gravity will just pull you in.
SPEAKER_2: It will just, you can't not fall in it.
SPEAKER_2: But because it has more gravity than Earth does, because if you let it go, it and Earth would fall towards each other and Earth would lose.
SPEAKER_2: It would eat the entire Earth systematically.
SPEAKER_4: Wow.
SPEAKER_2: It will break apart Earth and just chew it and burp.
SPEAKER_2: And that's it.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, I'm telling you right now, this Earth, child, this Earth is delicious.
SPEAKER_1: I don't know who sent out for Earth, but I'm telling you right now, you need to call Uber Eats and get some of this Earth.
SPEAKER_3: Saturn, Saturn, have you had this Earth?
SPEAKER_2: Actually, the black hole wouldn't have to lick its fingers cause it is all going straight down the hole.
SPEAKER_2: There's no, it's just going straight down the hole.
SPEAKER_2: It's not even finger looking good.
SPEAKER_2: It's just, it's like swallow good.
SPEAKER_2: That's all the time we got, Chuck.
SPEAKER_1: Oh man, that was fun.
SPEAKER_1: That was a lot of fun.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, grab bag, that was.
SPEAKER_2: All right, always good to have you here.
SPEAKER_1: Always a pleasure.
SPEAKER_2: Checking this out.
SPEAKER_2: This is Star Talked, Cosmic Queries Grab Bag Edition, Neil deGrasse Tyson.
SPEAKER_2: Keep Looking Up.