SPEAKER_1: Welcome to StarTalk, your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide.
SPEAKER_1: StarTalk begins right now.
SPEAKER_1: I'm your host, Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist, and this is StarTalk.
SPEAKER_1: This is a special edition of StarTalk.
SPEAKER_1: It's our Valentine's Day edition.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah.
SPEAKER_3: Oh, yes.
SPEAKER_1: No, no, live.
SPEAKER_4: L-U-U-U-U-V.
SPEAKER_1: And I know we could probably handle that our own, but we bring in some expertise.
SPEAKER_3: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: And we're gonna bring in Helen Fisher.
SPEAKER_1: She's been on StarTalk before, and the new book Anatomy of Love.
SPEAKER_3: The Anatomy of Love.
SPEAKER_1: And what color is it?
SPEAKER_1: It's red.
SPEAKER_1: The red cover.
SPEAKER_1: Helen Fisher, you're like the world's expert on like love, marriage, relationships.
SPEAKER_1: You work for the Kinsey.
SPEAKER_2: I'm at the Kinsey Institute.
SPEAKER_1: The Kinsey Institute.
SPEAKER_1: This is the famous Kinsey.
SPEAKER_2: This is the famous Kinsey who really studied love.
SPEAKER_2: He did.
SPEAKER_1: It was very good.
SPEAKER_2: Way before everybody else did, he did.
SPEAKER_1: Excellent, excellent.
SPEAKER_1: And in this edition, this is.
SPEAKER_2: But sex, he actually studied a lot of sex more than he did love.
SPEAKER_1: Sex.
SPEAKER_2: We really broke in to studying love.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, people really thought this was part of the supernatural, part of the stars.
SPEAKER_1: But what's love got to do with it?
SPEAKER_4: Everything.
SPEAKER_2: People pine for it, liver it, kill for it and die for it.
SPEAKER_2: It's one of the most powerful brain systems on earth.
SPEAKER_3: Is that love or sex we're talking about?
SPEAKER_3: It's what you just said, everybody.
SPEAKER_1: It's sex.
SPEAKER_1: We agree.
SPEAKER_1: We agree that happens for sex.
SPEAKER_2: I don't think if you ask somebody to go to bed with you and they say, no thank you, you don't kill yourself.
SPEAKER_2: But around the world, people kill.
SPEAKER_3: Speak for yourself, Helen.
SPEAKER_3: I gotta tell you.
SPEAKER_2: People kill.
SPEAKER_3: They take rejection well.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, nobody takes rejection well.
SPEAKER_2: And nobody gets out of love alive.
SPEAKER_2: You know, we all suffer.
SPEAKER_2: As a matter of fact, it's an addiction, you know, a very powerfully wonderful addiction when it's going well and a perfectly horrible addiction when it's going poorly.
SPEAKER_2: But anyway, you know, you say, is it a sex or is it love?
SPEAKER_2: I've mentioned this to you before, I think.
SPEAKER_2: I think we've evolved three distinctly different brain systems for mating and reproduction.
SPEAKER_2: One is the sex drive.
SPEAKER_2: One is feelings of intense, romantic love.
SPEAKER_2: And the third is feelings of deep attachment.
SPEAKER_2: And I think people go-
SPEAKER_3: Oh, I got one out of three.
SPEAKER_2: Not bad, not bad.
SPEAKER_4: Which is this now?
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_1: So for this edition of StarTalk, we're soliciting, we've solicited questions from our fan base through our various media platforms.
SPEAKER_1: And they're all about sort of Valentine's Day and love.
SPEAKER_3: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: And all that goes with it.
SPEAKER_3: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: But I have one live anecdote just to start off with.
SPEAKER_1: So in the medical community, there's a disease of lovemaking, which is collectively called venereal diseases.
SPEAKER_1: And that is actually named after Venus.
SPEAKER_1: Really?
SPEAKER_1: The goddess of love.
SPEAKER_1: So the genitive form of Venus is Venera.
SPEAKER_1: And in fact, the Russian space missions to Venus were all called Venera.
SPEAKER_1: Venera one, Venera two, Venera three.
SPEAKER_1: The medical doctors said, oh, here's a disease peculiar to lovemaking and love and beauty and all that go with it, let's name it after Venus.
SPEAKER_1: So they call them venereal diseases.
SPEAKER_1: Then we astronomers came along and said, we need a name of an alien who might be from Venus.
SPEAKER_1: We're not gonna call them venerals now.
SPEAKER_1: Word is taken.
SPEAKER_3: Exactly.
SPEAKER_1: We had to invent a non-legitimate word and so you're Venutian if you're from Venus, but you're technically, you should be Venera.
SPEAKER_3: Venera, oh, okay.
SPEAKER_1: When the venerals come.
SPEAKER_2: Say I'm a Venutian.
SPEAKER_1: Say you're Venutian.
SPEAKER_1: Get a little further in the social ladder.
SPEAKER_3: Cool thing about that is doctors gave us the term for V-Day, which actually is the same Valentine's Day as V-D as well.
SPEAKER_3: Ooh, ooh, ow, ow.
SPEAKER_4: Take a bite.
SPEAKER_4: Ouch.
SPEAKER_3: Valentine's Day, venereal disease.
SPEAKER_1: Ouch, Chuck.
SPEAKER_2: Wait a minute, there's good prices this Valentine's Day.
SPEAKER_2: We're all fun.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, we're just laying in the front, laying in the back.
SPEAKER_3: I'm just saying, it's never been a good day for me.
SPEAKER_2: No, me neither.
SPEAKER_2: I'm always working on that day, yeah.
SPEAKER_1: So Chuck, you got some questions.
SPEAKER_1: None of us have seen them and Helen is here to, I'm just here to like direct them to Helen because out of what the hell do I know?
SPEAKER_3: Yeah, these are our Cosmic Queries, of course, like you said.
SPEAKER_1: Cosmic Queries.
SPEAKER_3: Taken from all over the internet.
SPEAKER_3: So let's start off with Chris Reed coming to us from Twitter, cdreed is his handle.
SPEAKER_3: Evolution is about the natural selection of traits.
SPEAKER_3: How has love evolved and what traits were left behind?
SPEAKER_3: So that's a really good question.
SPEAKER_3: Yeah, that's a really good question.
SPEAKER_1: And I wonder if I can add to that.
SPEAKER_1: If we think of love as distinctly human, but does this preclude other animals, especially other mammals, from having the same sentiment?
SPEAKER_1: And why else would we say, oh, look at the love birds?
SPEAKER_1: It would analogize our love to what we know are two birds.
SPEAKER_2: So there's three questions really on the table.
SPEAKER_2: And let me start with the evolution of it.
SPEAKER_2: And I put people in brain scanners and study the brain circuitry of romantic love.
SPEAKER_1: That's what scares me about you.
SPEAKER_2: Well, I wouldn't say, you know.
SPEAKER_3: Talk about your foreplay.
SPEAKER_1: Put your mate in the brain scanner so he really does love you.
SPEAKER_3: Girl, go ahead and get in that brain scanner.
SPEAKER_3: That's how we starting this off tonight.
SPEAKER_3: Brain scanner, that's what we doing.
SPEAKER_2: You know, you can know every ingredient in a piece of chocolate cake.
SPEAKER_2: And then when you sit down and eat that cake, you feel that joy.
SPEAKER_2: In the same way, I can know everything you can know about love and still make the same mistakes.
SPEAKER_1: Just to be clear, to guys, chocolate cake is really just chocolate cake.
SPEAKER_1: I'm sorry, just this.
SPEAKER_2: But anyway, this is a brain system.
SPEAKER_2: It came from other mammals.
SPEAKER_2: It came from other birds.
SPEAKER_2: All kinds of animals feel attraction to certain creatures and not attraction to others.
SPEAKER_2: You know, too old, too young, too feathers out of order.
SPEAKER_1: Too anything.
SPEAKER_2: Antlers too big, too little, et cetera, et cetera.
SPEAKER_2: You don't want to.
SPEAKER_3: Oh God, I know that part.
SPEAKER_2: So the bottom line is, we did evolve.
SPEAKER_1: Get your antlers out of this.
SPEAKER_2: I want to see your antlers.
SPEAKER_2: Show me your antlers.
SPEAKER_2: Anyway, the bottom line is, this brain system came out of nature.
SPEAKER_2: So long before mankind came down out of the trees, began to stand up on two feet, began to need to form pair bonds to read their young and the brain circuitry for romantic love, began to evolve in order to make us focus on one particular individual and start the mating process.
SPEAKER_2: But you can see that in other mammals, particularly ones that form pair bonds, you know, you'll see an immediate attraction of one animal for another and you know, they're going for it.
SPEAKER_2: In fact, this is the evolution of love at first sight.
SPEAKER_1: Is it attraction or is it just they want to mate?
SPEAKER_1: How do you distinguish the two?
SPEAKER_1: Did you ask them?
SPEAKER_2: There's actually academic studies that when a female chimpanzee, for example, is in heat and in estrus, she'll copulate with actually almost all of the males, but there's some she won't copulate with and it's because she doesn't like them.
SPEAKER_2: The bottom line is these are different systems and just the sex drive will get you out there looking, but then it's romantic love that, or attraction in other animals, or magnetism, just animal magnetism, that enables you to sift between all these other animals and focus on the one that works for you.
SPEAKER_1: So it's one thing if they don't sleep with you because they're sleeping only one other person, but they're sleeping with everybody and not you.
SPEAKER_2: That's bad.
SPEAKER_2: I don't know, yeah, it's all bad.
SPEAKER_3: Let me just find out that the reason, the pandas that they had wherever in San Francisco that they've been trying to mate, that the reason they didn't mate was because the female didn't like the male.
SPEAKER_2: There you go.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, you just assume, you put the man, oh.
SPEAKER_3: Assume that all pandas look cool with one another.
SPEAKER_2: That is a really important point because no animal on this planet will copulate with anything that comes along.
SPEAKER_2: They all have preferences and we evolve that system for preferences.
SPEAKER_2: And then of course, when we began to stand up on two legs, females began to have to carry their babies in their arms instead of on their backs.
SPEAKER_2: They began to need someone to help them out at least while they raised the child through infancy.
SPEAKER_2: And so this brain circuitry for animal attraction evolved into what we call today, romantic love.
SPEAKER_1: Is there anything that was left behind like the questioner asked?
SPEAKER_2: Oh, that's a beautiful question.
SPEAKER_2: Nobody's ever asked me.
SPEAKER_2: Sure, the ability to share.
SPEAKER_2: We're not an animal that shares very well.
SPEAKER_2: We're a jealous animal.
SPEAKER_2: You know, I mean, I was talking last night to some people who are polyamorous.
SPEAKER_2: And they really have to work very hard to keep their...
SPEAKER_1: Which means?
SPEAKER_2: These people actually believe that you can have several partners.
SPEAKER_3: Swingers, baby.
SPEAKER_2: Swingers are the sex, they're swinging for sex.
SPEAKER_2: Polyamorous are...
SPEAKER_2: Are relationships.
SPEAKER_2: Romantic.
SPEAKER_2: So they want to keep their deep attachment to one partner and then have a lot of romances on the side.
SPEAKER_2: And they say they can overcome this jealousy and the, you know, the self-deception and all, but they can't, they work very hard on it.
SPEAKER_2: You know, but the bottom line is, no, we're not a good animal.
SPEAKER_2: We don't share well and we're also cheaters, you know?
SPEAKER_2: I mean, it's an example.
SPEAKER_1: So in the Mormon tradition of multiple wives for the men, then this is, you're saying there might be an evolutionary force that makes that not stable because they've been doing it for a hundred something years.
SPEAKER_2: You know, 86% of world cultures permit a man to have several wives, but actually-
SPEAKER_2: I don't know, it can be a toothache, I can tell you that.
SPEAKER_2: It can be a real panic.
SPEAKER_2: I think I told you last time, I knew a man in Highlands of New Guinea who had three wives, and when I asked him how many he wanted, he said none.
SPEAKER_4: It can be a toothache, yeah.
SPEAKER_1: Plus, as I understand it, historically, in particular the Middle East, as I've come to understand it, that was initially put forth as protection for women so that if you actually got romantically involved with a woman, you had to then take care of her.
SPEAKER_4: Exactly, that's right.
SPEAKER_1: So, it was a matter of accountability for who you were.
SPEAKER_2: It was also ecological reasons.
SPEAKER_2: But most societies permit a man to have several wives, but only about five or 10% of men in almost all cultures actually have several wives because you got to have a lot of money, a lot of cows, a lot of sheep, a lot of education or something to get two women to share you.
SPEAKER_1: So, are there any cultures where a woman has multiple husbands?
SPEAKER_2: Only very few.
SPEAKER_2: Among the very rich of Southern Alaska, traditionally, these people lived in these archipelagos and the men went out fishing every...
SPEAKER_1: They'd be the native peoples of Alaska.
SPEAKER_2: Native peoples of Alaska, yes.
SPEAKER_2: And a woman...
SPEAKER_3: Not Sarah Palin.
SPEAKER_3: Oh, I have four husbands, you betcha.
SPEAKER_3: You betcha.
SPEAKER_2: But it's very impractical from a Darwinian perspective because if a woman is sharing several men, she can't have a baby every nine months, whereas if a man has several wives, he could have a lot of babies simultaneously.
SPEAKER_3: Yeah, four babies at one time, at one time.
SPEAKER_2: Or more, but the problem with polygyny, poly meaning many, gyny meaning women, is that the women fight, sometimes they try to poison each other's children.
SPEAKER_3: Not my problem.
SPEAKER_2: Keep it that way.
SPEAKER_3: You guys do your thing.
SPEAKER_3: Don't come bother me with your petty squabbles.
SPEAKER_2: To bond is human.
SPEAKER_2: We're a pair-bonding animal, but the world's also an animal that cheats, and we seem to do both.
SPEAKER_2: And I think one of the great 21st century issues is to what degree do we want intimacy with one individual, and what degree do we want autonomy?
SPEAKER_2: That great balance between the two is something we all have to wrestle with.
SPEAKER_1: What intrigues me is how we cherry-pick the animal kingdom to use as examples of how we want to behave.
SPEAKER_1: So we'll say, oh, an eagle will mate for life.
SPEAKER_2: The swans.
SPEAKER_1: They'll mate for life.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, well, but how about the, what's the one that just has sex as often as it can with as many other?
SPEAKER_2: All of them.
SPEAKER_3: No, all the rest of them.
SPEAKER_1: The rest of them.
SPEAKER_4: Oh, the rest of them.
SPEAKER_2: Even eagles, even eagles, even swans.
SPEAKER_2: We have not found a completely.
SPEAKER_1: The naked mole rat.
SPEAKER_1: The naked mole rat has two subspecies.
SPEAKER_1: One of them mates for life.
SPEAKER_1: The other is just, well, just, they've whored them with something else.
SPEAKER_2: It's the prairie vole.
SPEAKER_1: The prairie vole, sorry, maybe that's what I meant.
SPEAKER_1: Not the naked mole rat.
SPEAKER_2: And some of them, and we know the genes of that, the genetics of that.
SPEAKER_2: And then you take one of the genes from one of those prairie voles that does mate for life and put them in a non-parabonding mouse or something, and it'll start to form a pair bond too.
SPEAKER_2: So there is biology to feelings of attachment, yes.
SPEAKER_1: Well, they put the attachment gene in the ones that were not always be attached.
SPEAKER_1: But how about the wandering gene?
SPEAKER_1: Does that make them wander?
SPEAKER_2: We haven't really found a wandering gene.
SPEAKER_2: We found a genes in which you attach less.
SPEAKER_2: There's one gene in which, if you have no copies of that gene, you're the most among men, actually.
SPEAKER_2: It's a study of men.
SPEAKER_2: The least promiscuous.
SPEAKER_2: One gene, they're gonna be more promiscuous and two genes that are gonna be the most.
SPEAKER_2: Actually not promiscuous, but unstable relationships that are gonna lead to promiscuity.
SPEAKER_2: So we're finding some, but you know what?
SPEAKER_2: That doesn't-
SPEAKER_1: Promiscuity coefficient.
SPEAKER_1: That should come out in the speed dating rounds, right?
SPEAKER_2: But you know what, it's important, even though we have predispositions, you can say no to them, you know, because, you know-
SPEAKER_1: Because we're living civilization, that's why.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, you can, you know, people can quit their bad habits.
SPEAKER_2: Mm-hmm, mm-hmm.
SPEAKER_3: Yeah, and then some of it is called age for men as well.
SPEAKER_3: Yeah, it's just-
SPEAKER_1: Wait, wait, but just to be clear, just to be clear, they're not habits if we're genetically predisposed.
SPEAKER_1: So they can, you can overcome a genetic predisposition because we live in civilization where certain conduct is necessary.
SPEAKER_2: Very well said.
SPEAKER_3: And then you just get too old.
SPEAKER_2: It's amazing how many people don't though.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, I've lived in adultery in 42 societies and you find it even in places where you can get your head chopped off.
SPEAKER_1: Right, it's not even adultery, there's murder.
SPEAKER_1: There's things, there's transgressions of a society.
SPEAKER_2: Well, that's, I mean, I think that most of our crimes of passion come because people have been, they've lost a true love.
SPEAKER_2: They've lost from a Darwinian perspective, they've lost life's greatest prize, which is a mating partner.
SPEAKER_3: Yeah, they need to rethink some things.
SPEAKER_3: That's what I'm saying.
SPEAKER_1: You got another question.
SPEAKER_3: Okay, let's move on.
SPEAKER_3: That was fascinating stuff, man.
SPEAKER_3: All right, let's get down to, here's one from The Teen Poet.
SPEAKER_3: Coming to us from Twitter.
SPEAKER_1: That's a Twitter handle.
SPEAKER_3: That's a Twitter handle.
SPEAKER_3: At theteenpoet322 wants to know, is human love more than chemical reactions, as in Interstellar's unrealistic ending?
SPEAKER_3: Well, thanks for the critique inside the question.
SPEAKER_1: Just in case people missed that moment in Interstellar, where Anne Hathaway's character says, maybe I'm paraphrasing, love is something that transcends even dimensions.
SPEAKER_3: Right.
SPEAKER_3: Oh, wow.
SPEAKER_3: It's love that they're using to communicate with us through basically space and time.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, through the space-time continuum.
SPEAKER_3: Through the space-time continuum.
SPEAKER_3: Love is the language that transcends the space-time continuum.
SPEAKER_1: So, if I can tighten the question, how much of your research tells us that love is just electrochemical in your brain and it's nothing more or less than that?
SPEAKER_2: Well, bottom line is everything is electrical and chemical in your brain.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, everything, you think of anything, do anything, feel anything, any kind of drive, thirst, hunger, all of them.
SPEAKER_1: Chuck, it doesn't permeate the fabric of the space-time continuum.
SPEAKER_3: No, it can't.
SPEAKER_3: And now my heart is broken.
SPEAKER_2: And then we make a whole lot of things out of it and we make beautiful things.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, all of the love poetry from around the world.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, all our plays, our poems, our novels, our sitcoms, our ballets, our operas, our theater, our myths, our legends.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, the world is cluttered.
SPEAKER_1: That was conspicuously absent on that list.
SPEAKER_2: We got it in there.
SPEAKER_1: But why isn't that just the spectrum of human emotion, of which love is one?
SPEAKER_2: It's actually a drive.
SPEAKER_1: So is hate, hate is as big a drive as love.
SPEAKER_2: No question about it.
SPEAKER_2: In fact, they're not even the opposite.
SPEAKER_2: The opposite of love is indifference.
SPEAKER_3: Look at that.
SPEAKER_2: In fact, you can hate and love somebody at the same time.
SPEAKER_3: Oh, now that explains my parents.
SPEAKER_2: Absolutely.
SPEAKER_1: That way you get the frenemy.
SPEAKER_2: I had a wonderful girlfriend who said of her husband, it was a wonderful marriage, but she said, you know what?
SPEAKER_2: Sometimes I hate them, but I always love them.
SPEAKER_2: And so these are different brain systems and you can flop from one to the other.
SPEAKER_2: It's indifference.
SPEAKER_2: That's when you've killed the passion, but you know what?
SPEAKER_2: It's a drive.
SPEAKER_2: This is not even an emotion.
SPEAKER_2: It comes emanates from a little factory in the base of the brain that lies right next to the brain regions that orchestrate thirst and hunger because this is so essential to survival and it has been for so long because if you don't have babies, you don't form a pair bond.
SPEAKER_2: You don't pass your DNA on to the other.
SPEAKER_1: That's the end of your line.
SPEAKER_3: So it's just, it's basically the second greatest driving force in our being, which the first is, gotta eat.
SPEAKER_2: Eating makes you live another day.
SPEAKER_2: Having sex will make you live genetically.
SPEAKER_3: Make you want to live another day.
SPEAKER_2: That is for sure.
SPEAKER_1: That's how you really gotta do it.
SPEAKER_2: Good for you, by the way.
SPEAKER_2: Sex is really good for you if it's with the right person.
SPEAKER_4: Freaks it to the choir, baby.
SPEAKER_1: So it is reducible in a fundamental way to, I came up with three in the list.
SPEAKER_1: So there's food, sex and shelter, those three things that we need for our survival.
SPEAKER_1: And so we ought to be pretty energetic in the acquisition of those three.
SPEAKER_2: Absolutely.
SPEAKER_1: And also, if you don't...
SPEAKER_2: I've never seen anybody kill themselves when they couldn't get something to eat.
SPEAKER_2: But I've certainly seen people kill themselves when they couldn't get a particular sweetheart.
SPEAKER_1: Couldn't get the love.
SPEAKER_2: I don't think you go around, well, you might go around murdering somebody for bread, you know, in the right place when you're starving, but...
SPEAKER_1: You would kill in the name...
SPEAKER_3: You won't kill yourself, you kill somebody else, and that's why.
SPEAKER_2: I bet there's...
SPEAKER_2: Our jails are much more filled with people who have committed a crime of passion.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, this is a powerful brain system.
SPEAKER_2: What people will do for love is out of this world.
SPEAKER_2: And particularly around right now, you know, I am the Chief Scientific Advisor to match.com.
SPEAKER_2: And between the day after Christmas and Valentine's Day, the amount of people going onto that site and other sites increases everywhere from 30 to 60 percent.
SPEAKER_2: This is the time.
SPEAKER_2: This is the season for love.
SPEAKER_1: You're listening to StarTalk.
SPEAKER_1: Stay tuned for another segment.
SPEAKER_1: Welcome back to StarTalk.
SPEAKER_1: Here's more of this week's episode.
SPEAKER_1: So Chuck, what questions you have called from our listening audience?
SPEAKER_3: Well, you know, I recognize this handle as somebody I know on Twitter, so I figure I'll go ahead and read this.
SPEAKER_3: This is from Ben Makes TV, and he wants to know this.
SPEAKER_3: Why does no one love me?
SPEAKER_3: Oh, yeah, and I'm going to say it's because you pleasure yourself publicly on the train.
SPEAKER_3: People just can't forgive that, Ben.
SPEAKER_1: They can't forgive you for it.
SPEAKER_1: Let me broaden the question, Helen, and ask, is there someone for everyone?
SPEAKER_2: Sure.
SPEAKER_1: If there is, then the person who can't find love is not looking hard enough.
SPEAKER_2: They're not looking hard enough.
SPEAKER_2: You know, if you go on these dating sites, it does require some work, you know.
SPEAKER_2: First of all, he's probably too picky.
SPEAKER_2: You know, lower your standards.
SPEAKER_1: You got who's looking for love.
SPEAKER_1: When in doubt, lower your standards.
SPEAKER_1: Is this advice you're giving us, Helen?
SPEAKER_1: I got your book here, The Anatomy of Love.
SPEAKER_1: You're telling us.
SPEAKER_2: Think of reasons to say yes.
SPEAKER_2: You know, there's a huge part of the brain that enables us to overlook the negative and focus on the positive.
SPEAKER_1: Do it all the time.
SPEAKER_1: When we want to.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, but one of the problems when you're meeting people online is you know so little about them when you start out that you over, you know, you overweight those few things that you know.
SPEAKER_2: And you break it up before you, the more you get to know somebody, the more you like them.
SPEAKER_2: You gotta give people the chance, you know.
SPEAKER_3: And see, now that is a chemical thing because, and I'm probably gonna get in trouble if I say this.
SPEAKER_1: We can edit this, Chuck.
SPEAKER_3: All right, so here's the truth.
SPEAKER_3: I have often sat and said to myself, why after 18 years of marriage.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, stop there.
SPEAKER_1: Let me protect Chuck from himself.
SPEAKER_1: Back away from the microphone, Chuck.
SPEAKER_2: But I've put people in Scanner.
SPEAKER_2: It's possible to remain in love long-term.
SPEAKER_2: I and my colleagues have put 17 people into the Scanner who were married an average of 21 years.
SPEAKER_2: So you're behind the game.
SPEAKER_3: I'm still in love.
SPEAKER_3: No, that's my point.
SPEAKER_1: Back away from the mic, Chuck.
SPEAKER_3: You're right.
SPEAKER_3: I said, okay, but I'm still in love.
SPEAKER_3: I mean, however, no, now listen to me.
SPEAKER_3: You know what?
SPEAKER_3: Listen, if I were to put it down on paper, I should not be in love.
SPEAKER_3: I should not be.
SPEAKER_2: Very unrealistic.
SPEAKER_3: Really, I should not be.
SPEAKER_3: This woman, I love her to death and there's nothing she can do that's wrong.
SPEAKER_3: And if I were to actually go and say all the stuff that I probably would be like, no, I don't like that.
SPEAKER_3: No, I don't like.
SPEAKER_3: I should have left long ago.
SPEAKER_1: So if you deconstruct your relationship, there's nothing there, but in total it's working for you.
SPEAKER_3: Oh my God.
SPEAKER_3: It's the best thing ever happened to me in my life.
SPEAKER_1: So Helen.
SPEAKER_2: We evolved it.
SPEAKER_1: We evolved to deceive.
SPEAKER_3: Chuck, you're lying to yourself.
SPEAKER_3: You're overlooking the negative.
SPEAKER_3: In love with your wife.
SPEAKER_2: You are overlooking the negative and there's a huge part of the brain that enables you to do that and bless it.
SPEAKER_1: So, but let me come in the back door there.
SPEAKER_1: If you do have a list of what you like in someone and then you put it on one of these websites and then you find someone that matches it, the premise is that's your soulmate.
SPEAKER_1: But what Chuck is saying is if you laid out the inventory, if you laid out the portfolio, then no.
SPEAKER_1: He would have never met her in this way.
SPEAKER_3: I would have never met her this way.
SPEAKER_2: I bet that there are real, no, you wouldn't have met her.
SPEAKER_2: But once you've met her, there's things about that woman that you really like that ring deep into your love map.
SPEAKER_1: Then what of these websites that are matching people up and slicing and dicing them in these very, what is it, Farm?
SPEAKER_2: farmers.com.
SPEAKER_1: farmers.com.
SPEAKER_1: Farmers can mate other farmers, meet and mate with other farmers.
SPEAKER_2: That's a whole lifestyle so that you can understand it.
SPEAKER_2: But the bottom line is these are not dating services, these are introducing services.
SPEAKER_2: The only true algorithm is your own human brain.
SPEAKER_2: So the faster you can get out and meet the guy or girl in the bar, on the street, you know, it's just giving you a whole range of people and then you gotta do the job.
SPEAKER_2: We can give you the people, but you gotta do the job.
SPEAKER_2: And that's what's really thrilling.
SPEAKER_1: But would you agree that if you pre, if you proscribe what you think you're gonna be attracted to, that is greatly restricting your options?
SPEAKER_2: The problem is, I mean-
SPEAKER_3: Or it could be, at least.
SPEAKER_3: At least there's a potential for that, right?
SPEAKER_2: It's, listen, staying at home and looking for somebody under the couch is certainly gonna not do much for your options.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, the bottom line is, you know, how many people do you meet through your friends?
SPEAKER_2: How many do you meet at work?
SPEAKER_2: How many people do you meet when you're playing?
SPEAKER_2: At the fitness center.
SPEAKER_2: And you run through all that.
SPEAKER_2: And then how are you gonna meet people?
SPEAKER_2: No, I think these dating services, introducing services, give you a much broader range than we've ever had in all of our history.
SPEAKER_3: Oh, I would agree.
SPEAKER_1: Even the ones that specify, because there's JDate for Jews.
SPEAKER_1: And lately, there's like a white people one.
SPEAKER_3: White people meet.
SPEAKER_1: White people?
SPEAKER_1: What, do they really have a hard time finding?
SPEAKER_3: Black people meet, to which I told a friend, how could I ever meet a white girl when black people meet?
SPEAKER_3: No, but kind of craziness is that.
SPEAKER_1: But do white people actually have a problem finding other white people in a country that's?
SPEAKER_3: Apparently, all these white people live in Detroit.
SPEAKER_3: Is that what it is?
SPEAKER_3: It's like, I don't know where I'm gonna find another white person, every time I look around, I'm here in Detroit and I can't find any white people.
SPEAKER_1: I need a web service to help me.
SPEAKER_3: A web service to help me.
SPEAKER_4: No.
SPEAKER_2: But you do meet many more people on these dating sites than we ever did through all of history.
SPEAKER_2: Plus, throughout your life, I mean, we've got things like Our Time, which is for people over 50.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, I can't stand in a bar and have the perfect boy walk by.
SPEAKER_4: Uh-huh.
SPEAKER_3: Ah, you're selling yourself short there, Helen.
SPEAKER_3: Helen, you're right now.
SPEAKER_2: What bar did you have in mind?
SPEAKER_1: So Chuck, what are the questions you got there?
SPEAKER_1: All right, let's get back to this.
SPEAKER_1: So we told our boy here to get out.
SPEAKER_1: Get the hell off the couch.
SPEAKER_3: Get out the house, get out the house, Ben.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_3: That's the answer to your question, all right?
SPEAKER_1: Wait, wait, just, I'm sorry.
SPEAKER_1: Just to round that out, round out that question.
SPEAKER_1: Should someone change themself to be more attractive to other people?
SPEAKER_1: Should they go through a makeover?
SPEAKER_1: Should they change their hair?
SPEAKER_1: Should they, other than the minimum hygiene that we expect in society, should someone do that if they're desperate for love?
SPEAKER_1: And then, if they find that person, did that person fall in love with what they created for themself?
SPEAKER_1: And is it not really them?
SPEAKER_2: Well, we do fall in love with what we created for us.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: No matter what.
SPEAKER_2: Even if somebody fits somewhat within your love map, you overlook what doesn't fit and you focus on what you do.
SPEAKER_2: So we're constantly-
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, that's what it is.
SPEAKER_2: We have this, as small children, we grow up, and we create a list, unconscious list, of what we're looking for in a partner.
SPEAKER_2: And then you see the perfect person at the perfect time, and they fit pretty much in your love map, and you get rid of, excuse me, what you don't like, and you just focus on what you do.
SPEAKER_2: So that's good.
SPEAKER_2: But what was that other question?
SPEAKER_3: No, I'm saying that what you're saying makes a lot of sense.
SPEAKER_3: Should you change yourself?
SPEAKER_2: All right.
SPEAKER_3: You know, and on the one hand, the answer is no.
SPEAKER_3: If you're a man, because don't worry, she's gonna do that for you.
SPEAKER_3: You do not have to worry.
SPEAKER_3: Be yourself, man, because whatever you are and whoever you are, that is not what you are going to be in two years.
SPEAKER_2: It's a good project for us girls.
SPEAKER_3: Let me tell you, I have a friend that I saw has been 20 years since we've seen each other.
SPEAKER_3: And we got to hang out.
SPEAKER_3: I was in Philadelphia and we got to hang out.
SPEAKER_3: We haven't seen each other in 20 years.
SPEAKER_1: Philadelphia is your place.
SPEAKER_3: That's right.
SPEAKER_3: That's my hometown.
SPEAKER_3: And at the end of the night, he was like, wow, man, you really have changed.
SPEAKER_3: And he really hadn't.
SPEAKER_3: He's not married.
SPEAKER_4: What did you change?
SPEAKER_3: He's just me.
SPEAKER_2: What did you change?
SPEAKER_3: Well, mostly now that I'm married, I'm gay.
SPEAKER_3: That's the most thing, you know, because.
SPEAKER_2: I think you need to do change.
SPEAKER_2: Listen, if it's not working, you ought to make some changes.
SPEAKER_2: But I wouldn't certainly make any changes.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, first of all, it's very hard to make changes in personality.
SPEAKER_2: You can be somebody else, but it's tiring.
SPEAKER_2: Back out of character.
SPEAKER_1: It's an investment of energy at all times.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, and as it turns out, you know, you'll turn off, I mean, by being who you are, you will turn off some people.
SPEAKER_2: But when you find the right one, that person's gonna really love you.
SPEAKER_2: So I wouldn't make huge changes.
SPEAKER_2: Sure, you know, you can change your hair and maybe stop swearing or, you know, read a little bit more so that you're better educated.
SPEAKER_3: Whatever.
SPEAKER_3: Comfort changes.
SPEAKER_3: That might make the other person comfortable.
SPEAKER_3: Good, good.
SPEAKER_1: Without really totally messing with you.
SPEAKER_3: Without really messing with you.
SPEAKER_1: Exactly.
SPEAKER_1: Right, okay.
SPEAKER_2: Unless there's parts you don't like of you, and, you know, you can work on that too.
SPEAKER_2: But, you know, as you say, she's gonna work on you too.
SPEAKER_3: Oh, you, rest assured.
SPEAKER_1: Next question.
SPEAKER_3: Next question, let us move on.
SPEAKER_2: But men do their work too, you know.
SPEAKER_2: Women are always scrambling to please.
SPEAKER_1: But we don't know that that's what you're doing for us.
SPEAKER_1: You just appear that way and we think, hey, wow, I really like that.
SPEAKER_1: Not knowing that you spent five hours creating that, we just said we like.
SPEAKER_2: But don't, doesn't your wife come and say.
SPEAKER_3: That was very profound what you just said.
SPEAKER_3: Because that is the difference between what makes a woman appreciate you, because you noticed what she did, you just gave the true male perspective, which is we're appreciative of it.
SPEAKER_3: We just think like, wow, look at you.
SPEAKER_3: This is how you look.
SPEAKER_1: We're completely oblivious.
SPEAKER_3: Completely oblivious that you actually took effort and time to make yourself look that way.
SPEAKER_3: We're just like, wow, okay, that looks good.
SPEAKER_1: We're idiots, basically.
SPEAKER_1: We can.
SPEAKER_1: I don't know.
SPEAKER_2: I am from Foremen and I don't think you're idiots.
SPEAKER_2: But, yeah, I'll keep to my self-deception on that one.
SPEAKER_4: Okay, exactly, we're in.
SPEAKER_3: All right, all right, here we go.
SPEAKER_3: This is Ray coming to us from Twitter as well.
SPEAKER_3: And Ray has a very simple, succinct question, but I think it's quite in depth when you look at it.
SPEAKER_3: Why does love hurt?
SPEAKER_2: Oh boy.
SPEAKER_3: Boom.
SPEAKER_3: That's all he asked, but I gotta say that's pretty prolific what he just said.
SPEAKER_3: He just asked.
SPEAKER_2: It really does.
SPEAKER_2: So we've put a lot of people into a scanner who had just been dumped, and the brain regions that become active when you've been dumped is three brain regions linked with intense craving, a brain region linked with physical pain.
SPEAKER_3: Physical pain.
SPEAKER_2: Physical pain, a brain region, and actually aspirin helps when you're rejected in love.
SPEAKER_2: There's an academic article on that.
SPEAKER_2: And also anxiety that goes along with the physical pain, and you're also brain regions linked with trying to figure out what went wrong, the cost, the benefits, what happened here.
SPEAKER_2: And I think so the brain is in overdrive.
SPEAKER_2: It's in a terrible state.
SPEAKER_2: This is why we have all these crimes of passion, you know?
SPEAKER_2: And why does it hurt?
SPEAKER_2: It hurts because you've lost, once I said, you know, life's greatest prize, a mating partner.
SPEAKER_2: You've lost the ability to pass your DNA on to eternity.
SPEAKER_2: I think nature overdid it, to be perfectly honest.
SPEAKER_2: You really suffer terribly.
SPEAKER_2: And there's basically two stages of getting rejected.
SPEAKER_2: The first is protest, you just try to win the person back.
SPEAKER_2: You'll try to seduce, you'll try to threaten, you'll try to make them jealous and all that.
SPEAKER_2: And then you slip into this incredible depression.
SPEAKER_3: Unless you get them back.
SPEAKER_3: In which case you slip into indifference, like why did I ever want you in a...
SPEAKER_3: Why do I keep doing this?
SPEAKER_1: You've heard that other people say this.
SPEAKER_1: Read about it, Chuck.
SPEAKER_2: But I think it hurts to...
SPEAKER_1: You think it's a real part of the brain center that is responsible.
SPEAKER_2: There's no question about it.
SPEAKER_2: Big parts of the brain become incredibly overactive.
SPEAKER_2: You can't eat, you can't sleep, you can't stop crying.
SPEAKER_1: So it's disruptive to your human physiology.
SPEAKER_3: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: And to your social relations.
SPEAKER_3: So lovesick is an actual sick.
SPEAKER_1: It's an actual sick.
SPEAKER_2: And you can die from being rejected.
SPEAKER_1: Wait, don't tell me you die from a broken heart.
SPEAKER_2: You die from heart attacks and strokes.
SPEAKER_3: So the stress...
SPEAKER_1: Okay, so your heart did break.
SPEAKER_3: Stress actually manifests itself physically, and you end up dying of a stroke or a heart attack because of...
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, it drives up the dopamine system in the beginning.
SPEAKER_2: That gives you all that energy and focus and motivation and craving.
SPEAKER_2: And then after a while, you can't get them, you finally give up, and you slip into sort of a profound depression.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, as a corollary to this, there are people who are in love with people they've never met.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, isn't that it?
SPEAKER_1: So now, are they...
SPEAKER_1: They're not the...
SPEAKER_2: They're practicing.
SPEAKER_1: They're not the mating partner that they got to know intimately, but nonetheless, that sentiment is still there.
SPEAKER_2: It's a crush, and it's largely teenagers, but it can be somebody at work you don't ever dare come close to, but you feel all that.
SPEAKER_2: It'll go away.
SPEAKER_1: They're grown...
SPEAKER_1: I agree with the teenager thing, but isn't that more women, and when you get older, it's the male stalker of the women?
SPEAKER_2: Men fall in love faster than women do.
SPEAKER_2: They fall in love more often than women do.
SPEAKER_2: When they meet somebody that they really like, they wanna introduce them to friends and family sooner.
SPEAKER_2: Men wanna move in sooner.
SPEAKER_2: Men have more intimate conversations with their wives than women do with their husbands, because women have their intimate conversations with their girlfriends, and men are two and a half times more likely to kill themselves when a relationship is over.
SPEAKER_2: So men are the more passionate.
SPEAKER_3: Wow, so basically.
SPEAKER_1: Just to be clear, I think we're more likely to commit suicide in all categories.
SPEAKER_2: Probably, yes.
SPEAKER_1: I think so.
SPEAKER_2: And homicide, you know.
SPEAKER_2: It's a more delicate.
SPEAKER_1: Men are just completely messed up, isn't it?
SPEAKER_3: I was gonna say, it sounds like we're a bunch of love pussies.
SPEAKER_3: That's what it comes down to.
SPEAKER_4: Oh my God, I can't live without you.
SPEAKER_2: Women are pretty bad, believe me.
SPEAKER_2: I've had them on my couch.
SPEAKER_1: So, okay, so we've established it's real.
SPEAKER_1: It's real.
SPEAKER_1: Pain is real.
SPEAKER_1: It's not imagined.
SPEAKER_1: You can't just say, get over it.
SPEAKER_1: It's like breaking your leg and saying, get over it.
SPEAKER_2: Exactly.
SPEAKER_2: As a matter of fact, a week later, you can't remember any physical pain in your tooth, but a week later, you're still really suffering from romantic rejection.
SPEAKER_3: Wow.
SPEAKER_1: So that's baggage, I think.
SPEAKER_1: That's evolutionary baggage.
SPEAKER_3: Is there any truth to the fact that they say for every year you're together, together it takes six months to get over?
SPEAKER_2: I don't know the, that's interesting.
SPEAKER_3: Yeah, they say so forever.
SPEAKER_3: If you're together with somebody.
SPEAKER_1: So at some point, it would take longer than your life, your actuarial life expectancy.
SPEAKER_3: Exactly.
SPEAKER_1: To get over it.
SPEAKER_2: It depends on who you are, what your other alternatives are, how much you invested in it, how well you are.
SPEAKER_2: There's gonna be many forces in how you get over it.
SPEAKER_2: And it's not-
SPEAKER_1: Whether you bought the couch together, because then you'll have to take the chainsaw and cut it in half when you split up.
SPEAKER_3: Oh, thank God we didn't buy the dog together.
SPEAKER_1: Stay tuned, more up next.
SPEAKER_1: Welcome back, here's more of StarTalk.
SPEAKER_1: Chuck, you've got questions from the internet.
SPEAKER_3: Yes, I do.
SPEAKER_1: All right, what do you have?
SPEAKER_3: Let's jump right back on this.
SPEAKER_3: Melissa McCurdy from Facebook says, is the state of being in love considered mental illness or chemical imbalance?
SPEAKER_3: In other words, are you crazy to be in love with somebody?
SPEAKER_2: I don't think so.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, it's the most important thing we do with our lives, but you are a little crazy.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, you can't eat, you can't sleep, you forget your coat, you don't get to work, you forget to feed the cat, you don't call your mother, you're obsessed.
SPEAKER_2: It's an obsession.
SPEAKER_1: Right, so why doesn't it count as some kind of mental disorder?
SPEAKER_1: Because you're not, otherwise-
SPEAKER_2: It's a natural drive.
SPEAKER_2: It's a natural obsession.
SPEAKER_2: In fact, I think that all of the chemical addictions hijack this basic brain system that evolved for natural craving.
SPEAKER_2: So we're trying to actually say to the medical community that it's a very positive addiction when it's going well and a perfectly horribly negative addiction when it's going poorly, but it is an addiction.
SPEAKER_2: The addiction centers become activated.
SPEAKER_2: But I don't want to call it a mental illness.
SPEAKER_1: Isn't there like an album or a song with that title?
SPEAKER_3: Yes, it is.
SPEAKER_3: Who is that?
SPEAKER_1: Robert Palmer.
SPEAKER_3: Mine as well, face it, you're addicted to love.
SPEAKER_1: He's got the models.
SPEAKER_3: Yes, all the plain red lips.
SPEAKER_3: And I'm like, I see why you're in love.
SPEAKER_3: There were already hot chicks behind you.
SPEAKER_1: That was an early MTV video.
SPEAKER_1: Oh my gosh, that was like.
SPEAKER_2: Our poets have said it for centuries.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, the oldest love poetry is over 4,000 years old and it's describing love exactly the way we describe it today.
SPEAKER_3: Right.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, so even though it disrupts our normal functioning, our responsible functioning as members of society, because of its frequency among we humans, we're not gonna say it's a disorder, we're gonna say it's like today where they have drugs living with this disease.
SPEAKER_1: You're not gonna cure it, you're just gonna live with it.
SPEAKER_1: You're gonna teach us how to live with our love.
SPEAKER_1: That's what you're saying.
SPEAKER_2: I would basically say that an awful lot of people would be happy to live with their love.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, people are madly in love, think of nothing else.
SPEAKER_2: They don't care if they forget to feed the cat, they're just happy, happy, really.
SPEAKER_3: Cat will scare if he forgets to feed the cat.
SPEAKER_3: You just did there, you actually described the textbook case scenario for a person addicted to drugs.
SPEAKER_3: I don't care about anything.
SPEAKER_3: I don't care if I feed the cat.
SPEAKER_2: There's a big difference, there's many big differences, though, I mean, the right love affair is gonna give you tremendous pleasure, it's gonna give you optimism, it's gonna give you hope.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, as you drive that dopamine system up when you're madly in love, you get energy, focus, motivation.
SPEAKER_2: You know, when you take drugs, you're not getting necessarily, and by the way, the drugs gonna be gone tomorrow morning when you wake up, and you're still gonna be in love.
SPEAKER_3: You don't party with me tomorrow morning, boy.
SPEAKER_3: You mean nine o'clock tonight.
SPEAKER_2: Well, that sounds good.
SPEAKER_1: So that's a fascinating point.
SPEAKER_1: There are upside, the upside of this is a fundamental contribution to society and people's happiness.
SPEAKER_3: Okay, all right, we got that.
SPEAKER_3: Here we go, let's move on.
SPEAKER_1: Move on up.
SPEAKER_3: All right, this is Joe Pettengill from Portland, Oregon coming to us through Facebook once you know this.
SPEAKER_3: Biologically, how does the love of a pet differ from the love of a person or love of an object?
SPEAKER_1: This means a person's love of a pet, not a pet's love of the person.
SPEAKER_3: Not a pet's love of a person, but even though that's a very interesting, I'd like to know about that now that you brought it up, like, you know.
SPEAKER_1: Well, I don't know if she studies non-human animals.
SPEAKER_3: Oh, that's great.
SPEAKER_2: I do, because you have to understand.
SPEAKER_1: You scare me every day you keep talking and telling me what you put in your machine.
SPEAKER_3: I think that's very cool.
SPEAKER_3: I think my dog wants to bang me.
SPEAKER_2: But, you know, there's a constellation of traits that are linked with feelings of...
SPEAKER_1: You have permission to use that word in that way for me.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, thank you.
SPEAKER_1: Constellation, yes, good.
SPEAKER_2: And among those things are the drive to actually have sex with the person.
SPEAKER_2: And you really don't.
SPEAKER_2: Most people want to have sex with their dog.
SPEAKER_2: So you have many of the traits linked with romantic love.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, the obsession, the focus, the, you know, you think your dog's the best-looking dog in the whole universe.
SPEAKER_2: It's the only dog that's alive that counts, et cetera, et cetera.
SPEAKER_2: So you have some of the characteristics of intense romantic love and feelings of deep attachment, that second brain system.
SPEAKER_2: But you don't have any of these sex, sexual things.
SPEAKER_3: So it's the intimacy or physical intimacy that sets that apart.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: You can fall in love with your small baby, too.
SPEAKER_2: And, you know, you can fall in love with all kinds of things.
SPEAKER_2: But yes, it's that sexual component that's missing.
SPEAKER_1: Fall in love with a toaster.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_4: Just don't have sex with it.
SPEAKER_2: It'll be hot!
SPEAKER_1: Right, so I have a question on that animal frontier.
SPEAKER_1: Dogs were basically bred for their loyalty to humans, among other properties.
SPEAKER_1: So, you know, there's an old saying, be the person who your dog thinks you are.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, how wonderful!
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, because your dog thinks you're the greatest thing ever.
SPEAKER_1: You come home, no matter what, no matter the day the dog had, no matter the day that you are the best person there ever was to happen to them.
SPEAKER_1: So, that might fool you into thinking that this is a relationship, and the person appreciates you for who and what you are.
SPEAKER_1: Now, cats, not so much.
SPEAKER_1: So, do we have data to show that people have stronger relationships with the dogs than they do with their cats?
SPEAKER_1: Because the dog is reciprocal in its...
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, and in fact, you know, they call it chick bait.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, a man with a dog walking down the street picks up more girls than if he's walking along with a cat.
SPEAKER_1: Must love dogs.
SPEAKER_1: The whole movie with that title.
SPEAKER_1: Must love dogs.
SPEAKER_2: He's basically advertising that he can take care of something.
SPEAKER_1: That's a pretty low bar.
SPEAKER_4: Take care of a cat.
SPEAKER_1: Maybe he's good mating material.
SPEAKER_2: Actually, we've got data on that.
SPEAKER_3: He picks up the poop.
SPEAKER_3: That's good.
SPEAKER_2: But, you know, dogs are pair bonding animals naturally.
SPEAKER_2: Only 3% of mammals form a pair bond to really young, and all the wild wolves, foxes, coyotes, dingoes, you know, and dogs form pair bonds.
SPEAKER_1: I thought they travel in packs with one...
SPEAKER_2: They do, but there's one male and one female who are the breeding pair, and everybody else is a helper at the nest.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, so it's not one male mating multiple females.
SPEAKER_3: Okay, like a pride of lion.
SPEAKER_1: Gotcha, that's the difference.
SPEAKER_2: So this is why we bond so easily with them.
SPEAKER_2: As a matter of fact, anthropologists think that it's dogs that picked the bonding with us, followed along with us, you know, and...
SPEAKER_3: Because we left food behind.
SPEAKER_2: Well, you know...
SPEAKER_1: We did that on Cosmos.
SPEAKER_1: We did like a whole episode, and it's titled And the Wolf Shall Become the Shepherd.
SPEAKER_1: That's Anne Druyan's poetic...
SPEAKER_1: There's a poetry side of her that contributes to the scripting, so that's where that came from.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_1: So, okay, so that's real.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, yeah, it's real.
SPEAKER_2: And it probably creates a lot of the oxytocin.
SPEAKER_2: You know, the brain system for attachment is the oxytocin system in the brain.
SPEAKER_2: I think what people, men and women, get out of their relationship with their dog is all the hugging and touching and everything, and all of that drives up the oxytocin system in the brain linked with feelings of attachment.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, and it probably is the same in the dog, but it's certainly in that feeling in a human being.
SPEAKER_2: So, you know, as you put your arm around somebody, as you hold hands with them, as you hug them, as you learn to sleep in their arms, you're driving up this oxytocin system, and it's a feel-good chemical.
SPEAKER_2: No question about it.
SPEAKER_1: I don't need you.
SPEAKER_1: I got my oxytocin pills.
SPEAKER_1: I don't need you for nothing.
SPEAKER_3: Just don't crush it up and snort it.
SPEAKER_1: All right, Chuck, we got five minutes left.
SPEAKER_1: We're going into lightning round.
SPEAKER_3: Lightning round?
SPEAKER_1: No longer the luxury of long answers.
SPEAKER_1: We'll try to get through the list, because we have multiple pages of questions here.
SPEAKER_1: I'm going to test my bell.
SPEAKER_1: Good.
SPEAKER_1: There it is.
SPEAKER_1: So you're going to give sound bite answers.
SPEAKER_1: Pretend you're on the evening news, and you have two minutes to give your entire interview.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, you ready?
SPEAKER_1: Chuck, go.
SPEAKER_3: Jeffrey Clark on Twitter says, what's the science behind attraction?
SPEAKER_3: Am I pre-programmed to be attracted to certain traits, or is attraction a learned behavior?
SPEAKER_1: Love it.
SPEAKER_1: Go for it.
SPEAKER_2: It's not a learned behavior.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, some of it is learned, but chemically, we're drawn to certain people rather than others.
SPEAKER_2: I've figured out when people say we have chemistry.
SPEAKER_2: I understand what that means now.
SPEAKER_1: So that's real?
SPEAKER_2: Yes, we're going to be naturally drawn to some people rather than others basically because of body chemistry.
SPEAKER_1: Body chemistry.
SPEAKER_1: That's called BO.
SPEAKER_4: I think.
SPEAKER_1: Let's keep going.
SPEAKER_4: Go.
SPEAKER_3: This is from Dan Larkins on Facebook.
SPEAKER_3: Wants to know this.
SPEAKER_3: If evolution favors individuals who seek out the strongest and the best suited mates to pass on their genes, is there a biological advantage to falling in love over choosing the most advantageous partner gene-wise?
SPEAKER_3: No insult intended to my beloved.
SPEAKER_3: Right, Dan, there you go.
SPEAKER_1: So yeah, that's a pretty clean question.
SPEAKER_1: So if you just want to propagate survival, you pick the person and then you do that, what's love got to do with it?
SPEAKER_3: Why do we fall in love with a guy who looks like the penguin from Batman and he's not rich and you're a super mob?
SPEAKER_3: How does that even happen?
SPEAKER_2: That doesn't happen too often.
SPEAKER_3: Basically...
SPEAKER_4: Thank you for your honesty.
SPEAKER_4: Thank you.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, penguins go for penguins.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, we tend to fall in love with somebody from the same socioeconomic background, same general level of intelligence, same general level of good looks, same religious and social values.
SPEAKER_2: We are drawn to people to some extent like ourselves.
SPEAKER_1: That's environmental, of course.
SPEAKER_1: Your religion that you're born into is you're born into it.
SPEAKER_1: Yes, exactly.
SPEAKER_1: So, socioeconomic, those are the people you hang out with.
SPEAKER_2: I do think people who are very novelty seeking and risk taking go for people like themselves, people who are very traditional, go for people like themselves.
SPEAKER_1: Helen, except some of the greatest stories ever told where people fall in love, who were completely not the same anything, from Romeo and Juliet to...
SPEAKER_1: To Hillary and Bill Clinton.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, Hillary's high testosterone and Bill is, I think, high estrogen.
SPEAKER_1: So, I can't accept the blanket statement that people tend, I mean, yes, statistically perhaps, but the exceptions to that are so extraordinary, as to be a lesson to us all.
SPEAKER_2: There's always exceptions.
SPEAKER_2: We are an animal that's flexible.
SPEAKER_2: No question about it.
SPEAKER_2: An environment always plays a role.
SPEAKER_3: There we go.
SPEAKER_3: All right, that was a good one.
SPEAKER_2: Quick.
SPEAKER_3: Here we go.
SPEAKER_3: This one is for Dr.
SPEAKER_3: Tyson from Joy Green on Facebook.
SPEAKER_3: Dr.
SPEAKER_3: Tyson, my question revolves around the following topic.
SPEAKER_3: How can an average everyday citizen get others to fall in love with science?
SPEAKER_3: Look at Joy Green.
SPEAKER_4: Good one.
SPEAKER_1: I got to team up with Helen here to find out, can you fall in love with things that are not other members of your species?
SPEAKER_1: Can you fall in love with an idea, a principle, a philosophy?
SPEAKER_1: A pursuit.
SPEAKER_1: People who are serious hobbyists, the only word you can say is that they're in love with their craft.
SPEAKER_2: I agree with you.
SPEAKER_2: These are basic all-purpose systems in the brain.
SPEAKER_1: So you got your oxy...
SPEAKER_2: Well, that's the dopamine system when you fall in love.
SPEAKER_2: It's the oxytocin system with feelings of attachment.
SPEAKER_2: But sure, these are, you know, the attachment system in the brain.
SPEAKER_2: You can be attached to your motorcycle, you can be attached to your girlfriend.
SPEAKER_1: But are those same chemicals being excited when you're waxing your motorcycle?
SPEAKER_3: Or to lesser extents.
SPEAKER_3: Can there be measured releases of these, you know, when you say dopamine, like for instance, you do cocaine, your brain floods with dopamine.
SPEAKER_2: Absolutely, it does, absolutely.
SPEAKER_2: And you can fall in love.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_3: With cocaine!
SPEAKER_1: Last question.
SPEAKER_3: I don't love it, just the way it smells.
SPEAKER_1: Time for one more question.
SPEAKER_3: Here we go.
SPEAKER_3: From Dewarmo Dave on Google Plus says, is chastity healthy and what are the effects of chastity?
SPEAKER_2: To each his own.
SPEAKER_3: To each his own, that's it.
SPEAKER_1: That's an awesome cop-out answer.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, I think you learn a huge amount about somebody when you make love to them.
SPEAKER_2: It triggers the brain circuitry for romantic love, it triggers some of the brain circuitry for attachment, and it drives up the testosterone system so that you want more sex with them.
SPEAKER_2: We were built to have sex and fall in love.
SPEAKER_1: I can tell you this.
SPEAKER_1: If you have a gene for chastity, you didn't inherit it.
SPEAKER_1: Thanks for listening to StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_1: I hope you enjoyed this episode.
SPEAKER_1: Many thanks to our comedian, our guest, our experts, and I've been your host, Neil deGrasse Tyson.
SPEAKER_1: Until next time, I bid you to keep looking up.