SPEAKER_1: Welcome to StarTalk, your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide.
SPEAKER_1: StarTalk begins right now.
SPEAKER_2: Greetings, greetings, Bill Nye here.
SPEAKER_2: Welcome to StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_2: It's Cosmic Queries, taking your questions from the cosmos and providing insights, perspectives, nominally answers.
SPEAKER_2: And I'm here with my beloved colleague, Chuck Nice.
SPEAKER_2: Chuck, good to see you.
SPEAKER_1: Hey, Bill, always good to be seeing.
SPEAKER_1: Good to see you too.
SPEAKER_2: And so you have some queries from out there in the electric internet space.
SPEAKER_1: That is correct.
SPEAKER_1: From the ether known as the internet, we have from all over, whether it's Twitter or Facebook or Google Plus, any of the many incarnations where you'll find StarTalk.
SPEAKER_2: This is what the kids use.
SPEAKER_1: This is what the kids use.
SPEAKER_2: With their electric computer machines.
SPEAKER_1: Pretty soon we'll be on Snapchat and that will actually destroy my daughter's life because dad is on Snapchat.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, that would be, it would be no point in belonging.
SPEAKER_1: Well, this is what happens.
SPEAKER_1: My daughter, she goes on to something, finds a new app.
SPEAKER_1: I'm like, oh, that's kind of cool.
SPEAKER_1: And then the moment I get on it, she's just like, this app's totally not cool anymore.
SPEAKER_1: And then she's like, now I'm on this app.
SPEAKER_1: I'm like, oh, okay.
SPEAKER_1: So I see what's...
SPEAKER_2: So you don't have any inclination to get on her Algebra app or her World History app?
SPEAKER_1: No, I would never do that because I don't want to give her the excuse to get off of it.
SPEAKER_2: That's what I'm saying.
SPEAKER_2: That's exactly what I'm saying.
SPEAKER_2: Kids today.
SPEAKER_2: All right, let's get to work.
SPEAKER_1: Hey, let's get to work.
SPEAKER_2: Genetically modified organisms.
SPEAKER_1: Yep, that is what we're talking about.
SPEAKER_1: Before we begin, I have, we're doing a two-parter here and I have a ton of questions from GMOs and they are all, here's the weird thing, and I don't know, they are all addressed to you.
SPEAKER_1: They're saying, Bill, dear Mr.
SPEAKER_1: Nye, dearest Mr.
SPEAKER_1: Nye, why are all these people asking you about GMOs?
SPEAKER_2: Here's the thing.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: I wrote a book, a New York Times bestseller, Undeniable Evolution in the Science of Creation.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: And in that book, I had-
SPEAKER_1: By the way, it's a great book.
SPEAKER_2: I love you, man.
SPEAKER_2: By the way, the point is, or the thing of it is, in the book, I have a chapter about genetically modified organisms.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: And at that time, when I wrote it, I said, it's always good to be cautious.
SPEAKER_2: It's, you don't know what you're gonna do to the ecosystem.
SPEAKER_2: But this led to controversy, because it turns out GMOs, in my opinion, I spent some more time.
SPEAKER_2: I met the guy who won the World Food Prize.
SPEAKER_2: Rob Fraley won, it's like the Nobel Prize for farming, for agriculture.
SPEAKER_1: For agriculture.
SPEAKER_2: And he's, in my opinion, really not such a bad guy.
SPEAKER_2: And he believes that we can raise more food than ever on less land.
SPEAKER_2: In other words, we have 7.2, almost 7.3 billion people on earth today.
SPEAKER_2: He believes, or he and his colleagues believe they can raise food for 9 billion people on 2% less land.
SPEAKER_1: Which is great.
SPEAKER_2: That's a noble goal.
SPEAKER_1: That is a noble goal.
SPEAKER_2: And here's the thing that happened, in my opinion.
SPEAKER_2: Monsanto developed something called glyphosate.
SPEAKER_2: Or rather, a salt of glyphosate.
SPEAKER_2: This is a way to put this chemical onto soil and have it stay there pretty well.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: And it kills everything that's green, kills everything by inhibiting the chikimate acid pathway.
SPEAKER_1: So you're literally salting the earth.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, yes, however, what Rob Frehley and these several other guys who were working at Monsanto, they be hated Monsanto, what they did is develop a gene that lets this chikimic acid pathway get completed in the green plant anyway.
SPEAKER_1: Gotcha.
SPEAKER_2: And this is the so-called round up ready soybean corn, cotton was the first one.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: And here's, there's two things.
SPEAKER_1: So now everybody is familiar with round up as a weed killer.
SPEAKER_2: It does kill weeds, it kills any green plant.
SPEAKER_1: Any green plant.
SPEAKER_2: With a couple exceptions, which are quite relevant.
SPEAKER_2: Anyway, he argues that glyphosate's really not such a bad thing compared to all the other herbicides, glyphosate's pretty benign, which I've done research now and I've decided that's true.
SPEAKER_2: I've changed my mind about genetically modified foods.
SPEAKER_2: That's the top line.
SPEAKER_1: It's the top line, you've changed your mind about GMOs.
SPEAKER_2: So I looked into it, there's no difference between allergies among GMO eaters and non-GMO eaters.
SPEAKER_2: There is a big difference in inputs from an agricultural standpoint.
SPEAKER_2: Organic farming takes a lot more water, takes a lot more tillage.
SPEAKER_2: It ends up, actually you end up with less diversity of microbes in the soil with modern roundup ready crops because you don't have to till, you don't have to turn the soil over to kill the weeds.
SPEAKER_2: However, there is a notorious weed called pigweed, which is every bit as friendly as it sounds.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, okay.
SPEAKER_1: But is it as delicious as bacon?
SPEAKER_2: Actually they used to, we people used to eat it, eat the leaves of Aranthus plants, but now it's considered a weed because you have to go to a lot of trouble to get the food worth out of it.
SPEAKER_1: Gotcha.
SPEAKER_2: And it has a redundant gene now.
SPEAKER_2: In other words, it has evolved over the last couple decades.
SPEAKER_2: So that it has, it amplified the gene that makes the shekinic acid.
SPEAKER_2: And so Roundup doesn't kill it.
SPEAKER_1: It can't kill it.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah.
SPEAKER_1: So now you have a Roundup resistant weed now.
SPEAKER_2: That's what you got.
SPEAKER_2: So right now they control what the adverb is mechanically.
SPEAKER_2: They tear it up, they dig it up.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah.
SPEAKER_2: And these guys.
SPEAKER_1: The old fashioned way.
SPEAKER_2: That's right.
SPEAKER_2: The farmers at Monsanto and Pioneer and DuPont, they all tell stories.
SPEAKER_2: These are seed companies.
SPEAKER_2: They all tell stories.
SPEAKER_2: When they were kids, they were farmers, they dug up weeds.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: And it was not really the good old days.
SPEAKER_2: So I've changed my mind about genetically modified organisms and that's why these things have come in.
SPEAKER_2: But I claim, Chuck, that I went about it in a scientific fashion.
SPEAKER_2: Let's take a query.
SPEAKER_1: Let's go to the queries.
SPEAKER_1: This is Corey Garst coming to us from Google Plus.
SPEAKER_1: What kind of research has been done to show what effects GMOs do or do not have on humans?
SPEAKER_2: Well, this is exactly the point.
SPEAKER_2: This is, thank you, Corey, is that his name?
SPEAKER_1: That is Corey Garst from Google Plus.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, from out there.
SPEAKER_2: So what they, we, it has done is that is the one thing you can test is the effects of food.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, that's one straightforward thing you can test that's not that different from 20 years ago.
SPEAKER_2: You feed the food to your good friends, the lab rats.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, and the mice.
SPEAKER_2: And you say, what do you think?
SPEAKER_2: So Steve, if that's his name.
SPEAKER_1: If that's the mouse's name, Steve.
SPEAKER_2: Henrietta.
SPEAKER_1: Right, as long as it's not Mickey, you're fine.
SPEAKER_2: I think Mickey's really hard to-
SPEAKER_1: That's a hard lab rat to have, Mickey.
SPEAKER_2: Well, to kill would be really hard.
SPEAKER_1: Right, yeah, well, for some.
SPEAKER_2: So the thing is, there's no, the genetically modified food has no effect on us.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, that is to say there's no difference between it and organically raised food.
SPEAKER_2: This is scientifically provable.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: It's certainly provable to my satisfaction.
SPEAKER_2: And that's like the most straightforward thing about it is to see if it's still as nutritious and see if it has any allergic effect.
SPEAKER_2: And it absolutely does not.
SPEAKER_2: In fact, in general, all of these foods are more nutritious.
SPEAKER_2: They're, the corn kernels are bigger.
SPEAKER_1: Now see, that is the first time I've ever heard that assertion made.
SPEAKER_2: Well, just in general.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, you get more soybean per hectare per acre.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, I got you.
SPEAKER_2: You get more corn per acre per hectare.
SPEAKER_2: You get bigger kernels of corn.
SPEAKER_1: So from a voluminous standpoint.
SPEAKER_2: Well, not just that.
SPEAKER_2: If you're going to, if the bushel of corn weighs so many kilos or pounds, how much of that is nutritious corn and how much of that is cob, unedible, inedible cob?
SPEAKER_1: Okay, that's a very good point.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, yes.
SPEAKER_2: You get a lot more.
SPEAKER_1: You get a lot more kernel than cob.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, and that's in that one example, the famous example.
SPEAKER_2: So then the other thing that's happened with genetically modified foods, and this may be in the future queries, the other thing that's happened is it's led to the success of this technology of allowing you to put glyphosate on fields and then plant things like crazy, is people have raised enormous tracts of land in a single crop because it's easier.
SPEAKER_1: Gotcha.
SPEAKER_2: And this is so-called monoculture.
SPEAKER_2: And this has had two things.
SPEAKER_2: First of all, you lose diversity in your farming, and which leads to a loss of diversity in the microbes that support plants and a loss of diversity and the rate at which different pollinatable flowers appear.
SPEAKER_2: This is to say, if all the soybean plants come to go to flower at the same time, the bees have to work that whole deal.
SPEAKER_2: They can't go from this plant to that plant to this plant.
SPEAKER_2: You'll notice the cherry blossoms show up first.
SPEAKER_2: That's their trick.
SPEAKER_2: So the bees and everybody, they show up and do that.
SPEAKER_1: They're like, hey, we're doing cherry blossoms right now.
SPEAKER_2: They're doing the cherry blossoms.
SPEAKER_1: They're doing cherry blossoms, come on, you know, birds do what bees do.
SPEAKER_2: That's right.
SPEAKER_1: We know what they're doing.
SPEAKER_2: Then the junk will show up, then the daffodils, and there's a sequence that has come to be a revolution.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, by the way, clearly the whores of the plant world, the daffodils, but I'm just saying.
SPEAKER_2: It's just on your mind.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, there's nothing wrong with that.
SPEAKER_2: Whatever you're into, consenting adult is all good.
SPEAKER_2: Harvestable plants, fine.
SPEAKER_2: No, so this has led to monoculture, but I go along with the idea.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, no, I claim that the success of genetic modification with respect to glyphosate herbicide does not necessarily mean you plant a monoculture and stress out bee colonies.
SPEAKER_1: Got you.
SPEAKER_2: You could, that's not the cause and effect.
SPEAKER_1: That's so funny when you say that.
SPEAKER_1: I just hear Jerry Seinfeld going, what are we gonna do?
SPEAKER_1: There's so many flowers all at once.
SPEAKER_1: That was a terrible Jerry Seinfeld impersonation.
SPEAKER_2: It's also my understanding that was you doing Jerry Seinfeld be a bee.
SPEAKER_1: A bee, yes.
SPEAKER_2: A female bee.
SPEAKER_1: Yes, exactly.
SPEAKER_2: So by the way, all the bees you see are girls.
SPEAKER_2: They're all females.
SPEAKER_1: That's true.
SPEAKER_2: Very seldom see a man bee.
SPEAKER_1: Because they kick the drones out as soon as they're finished mating with the queen and it's just like, they go straight beyond, say to the left, to the left, all your stuff in a box, to the left, get out.
SPEAKER_2: I'll keep that in mind.
SPEAKER_2: Should I become a drone bee, a drone bee?
SPEAKER_1: A drone bee.
SPEAKER_2: But nominally, the way you started that, it sounds like good work if you can get it.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, it does, in a way.
SPEAKER_2: So there's no difference in allergic reaction and health concerns with respect to genetically modified foods compared with organic or non-genetically modified foods.
SPEAKER_1: And we know that because the research has been done on mice.
SPEAKER_2: On mice and people.
SPEAKER_1: On people.
SPEAKER_2: And it's been going on for almost 25 years.
SPEAKER_1: Fantastic.
SPEAKER_2: And nobody gets sick from it.
SPEAKER_2: In fact, people are, in general, they get more food from a given hectare or acre of land.
SPEAKER_2: And the strange thing that was pointed out to me, and I did some research, well over 90% of the world's farmers are small farmers.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: And they all use Roundup Ready crops or genetically modified crops because they're just so much more productive.
SPEAKER_2: So as I say about glyphosate, and I'm not an expert on Roundup, this isn't my thing, but I've done some research.
SPEAKER_2: There's two things that happened when Roundup was introduced.
SPEAKER_2: First of all, everybody was afraid of it because it does kill every green plant.
SPEAKER_1: Well, that's something to be afraid of.
SPEAKER_2: Then the second thing is everybody started using it because it works so well.
SPEAKER_1: But see, that's even more disturbing.
SPEAKER_2: Well, so there you have it.
SPEAKER_2: This is the troubling bifurcated effect.
SPEAKER_1: Hey, this is scary as hell.
SPEAKER_1: I know what, we should all use it.
SPEAKER_2: Well, that's what happened.
SPEAKER_1: All right, hey Corey, that was a great question and a great answer by Mr.
SPEAKER_1: Bill Nye.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_2: I love you, Chuck.
SPEAKER_1: Let's move on to Gabe Sabo.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, Gabe.
SPEAKER_1: Gabe's coming to us from Facebook and says, need a straight answer here, Bill.
SPEAKER_1: What equals a GMO and what equals selective breeding?
SPEAKER_1: Where is the line drawn?
SPEAKER_2: Well, that's a great question, Gabe.
SPEAKER_2: It really is a great question.
SPEAKER_1: Look at you, Gabe, you show off.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, yeah, it's really good because-
SPEAKER_2: This is the question.
SPEAKER_2: When I wrote this chapter in the first version of my book about evolution, I had a pretty clear idea in my mind about distinction.
SPEAKER_2: The distinction was whether or not humans were influencing it.
SPEAKER_2: That was my idea, influencing the genome.
SPEAKER_2: So if you breed within the species, like George Washington used to take tweezers and a magnifying glass and shake the pollen from one wheat plant onto the eggs, the ova of another, to get a hybrid, a new type of wheat.
SPEAKER_2: That was within the species, intraspecies.
SPEAKER_2: And I thought to myself, taking a gene from another species, let's say the Bacillus thuringiensis bacterium and putting it in corn, Bt corn.
SPEAKER_2: That would be-
SPEAKER_1: Did you say B-E-T corn?
SPEAKER_2: No, that's different, I think.
SPEAKER_2: I think that's a television outlet.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, exactly.
SPEAKER_2: And I don't know what their relationship, I mean, they have bad jokes, but I don't know if that's the same as Bt corn.
SPEAKER_2: Corny television.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: But we all have bad jokes.
SPEAKER_2: That would be an example there, right there.
SPEAKER_2: So anyway, I thought when I wrote the chapter, I thought, well, that's not a, that's a clear distinction rather, that one's genetically modified in an extraordinary way by bringing a gene from another genome and another species and putting it in the species of interest, compared with shaking the pollen and the ova, which would be intra within the species.
SPEAKER_2: Within the species.
SPEAKER_2: However, it has been pointed out to me that these species insert their genes into each other all the time in nature.
SPEAKER_2: And when I started the research, I know, I know.
SPEAKER_2: I want you to think that way.
SPEAKER_1: That makes for lively speculation, that's for sure.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, it does.
SPEAKER_2: Anyway, so if you ever see a gall on the side of a tree, the big bulge.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, the bulge.
SPEAKER_2: That's where a virus has not only infected the tree, but gotten its genes into the tree's cells.
SPEAKER_2: But then as I was finishing research and turning in the final, the word final, the last manuscript, version of the manuscript, this fabulous research came out about sweet potatoes.
SPEAKER_2: And so it turns out the sweet potatoes that you and I know and love, presuming that you know them and love them.
SPEAKER_1: I do, indeed.
SPEAKER_1: It's very difficult for a black person not to know and love sweet potatoes.
SPEAKER_1: It's just part of our culture.
SPEAKER_2: Well, I'm substantially banned to, according to a genetic assay that was done on me.
SPEAKER_2: But I know I love sweet potatoes.
SPEAKER_1: There you go, buddy.
SPEAKER_2: Coincidence.
SPEAKER_1: What'd I tell you?
SPEAKER_2: Coincidence.
SPEAKER_1: Would I say my fellow brother?
SPEAKER_2: So that aside, these genes from outside the sweet potatoes clearly got in there naturally.
SPEAKER_1: Naturally.
SPEAKER_2: So that humans accelerate it, you can argue quite strongly, and for me convincingly, that this is what humans do.
SPEAKER_2: We hybridize plants either the old fashioned way, George Washington's tweezers and magnifying glasses, glass, or the modern way with biotechnology.
SPEAKER_2: So what has happened at companies like Pioneer Seeds, which is part of DuPont, ConAgra, and especially Monsanto, they have made the transition from being chemical manufacturers, industrial chemical manufacturers, fertilizer and pesticides, into biotech firms.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_2: And so you go there, everybody, all the scientists are geneticists.
SPEAKER_2: That's who they hire.
SPEAKER_2: They're not chemists so much anymore.
SPEAKER_2: It is interesting.
SPEAKER_2: And I'm right there with you, everybody.
SPEAKER_2: Monsanto used to make Agent Orange.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: So did Dow Chemical.
SPEAKER_1: And I heard that that's awesome stuff.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, it's awesome for certain applications.
SPEAKER_2: But in general, it is part of a dark past.
SPEAKER_2: I don't think these companies are really...
SPEAKER_2: I mean, they were hired by the government to make this stuff, and they did, and they don't do it anymore.
SPEAKER_2: What do you do?
SPEAKER_1: This is true.
SPEAKER_2: I used to work at Boeing on commercial airplanes because I wanted to work on commercial stuff instead of military stuff.
SPEAKER_2: But Boeing makes a lot of weapons.
SPEAKER_1: Yes, they do.
SPEAKER_1: People don't know this, but they are the real life Tony Stark of the world.
SPEAKER_1: Boeing is the...
SPEAKER_1: And McDonnell Douglas.
SPEAKER_2: That's the real life...
SPEAKER_1: Oh, they're the same.
SPEAKER_2: That's right.
SPEAKER_2: It's a whole other piece now.
SPEAKER_2: And that absorption was permitted to happen to preserve the fabulous military industrial complex.
SPEAKER_1: So look at this.
SPEAKER_1: But with that said, they're almost like the intraspecies of George Washington wheat experiment.
SPEAKER_2: So we're talking about genetically modified organisms and food here on StarTalk Radio, and we'll be back with Bill Nye, that's me, and Chuck Nice over there right after this.
SPEAKER_2: Welcome back to StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_2: I'm your guest host, Bill Nye, sitting in for my beloved, Neil deGrasse Tyson.
SPEAKER_2: And I'm here with my good friend, Chuck Nice, who is a thoughtful, insightful commentator on the human condition and science, and he has in his hand the secret sheaf of cosmic queries.
SPEAKER_2: These will be questions that came from you out there in the electronic ether space.
SPEAKER_1: That is correct, and you have not seen them.
SPEAKER_1: And so, which I'm highly impressed by the fact that both you and Neil are able to answer these questions off the top of your head.
SPEAKER_1: It's fantastic, you know?
SPEAKER_1: Not that we're trying to stump.
SPEAKER_2: No, no, no.
SPEAKER_1: That's not the purpose.
SPEAKER_2: The purpose is not to try and stump you.
SPEAKER_2: None of our listeners would do that.
SPEAKER_2: They're all happy.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, especially when they, like on the Twitterverse, no, there's no negativity there at all, ever.
SPEAKER_1: This comes from Patreon, and this is, and Patreon, you know, you can go ahead and support the show, and make it a-
SPEAKER_2: You can be a patron.
SPEAKER_1: You can make a patron of StarTalk.
SPEAKER_2: Of StarTalk Radio podcast.
SPEAKER_1: And we will definitely-
SPEAKER_2: Science comedy.
SPEAKER_1: We will definitely read your questions on Cosmic Queries when you are a patron through Patreon.
SPEAKER_1: All right, here we go.
SPEAKER_1: My name is Kealia Silvis.
SPEAKER_1: Sorry, it's so hard.
SPEAKER_1: I, it really wasn't.
SPEAKER_1: I'm currently working as a scientist in the Optogenics Corps at the University of Minnesota.
SPEAKER_1: First of all, let me just say that I was really impressed with the fact that you changed your views on GMOs.
SPEAKER_1: You truly deserve your title, Science Guy.
SPEAKER_1: My actual question, I believe that GMOs are a powerful tool that could help humans fight climate change and better utilize our diminishing resources.
SPEAKER_1: What would be your dream GMO to take on this challenge?
SPEAKER_1: Mine would be carving, carbon scrubbing trees to help clean the atmosphere.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, a tree is a column of carbon.
SPEAKER_2: A forest is a collection of columns of carbon.
SPEAKER_2: And wouldn't it be nice to have fast growing trees that would get big, be made of, what a tree is made of, Chuck, is air.
SPEAKER_2: It's quite troubling at first, but all that cellulose, the lignin, all that comes from carbon, which the tree gets right out of the air.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, there's a little bit that you get if you're a tree plant from the soil.
SPEAKER_1: But most of it, you're sucking it right out of the air.
SPEAKER_2: So this would be a wonderful thing.
SPEAKER_2: People have proposed making artificial trees to take carbon out of the air, but how about real ones?
SPEAKER_2: And the thing I would say to her, to answer her question with a little more completeness is you don't want to have just one species.
SPEAKER_2: You want to have a diversity of columns of carbon of trees.
SPEAKER_2: And so to have fast growing trees that would take carbon would be a wonderful thing.
SPEAKER_2: Furthermore, it'd be great if they were useful in some other enchanting ways.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, like they made apples or something.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, or they could shade your house.
SPEAKER_1: Right, or paint your house even better.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah.
SPEAKER_2: Well, what if they produce some, but seriously, what if they produce some varnish or pitch that was, you know, of great use?
SPEAKER_2: Because trees, you guys, I know we don't ever want to cut them down.
SPEAKER_2: It's very true.
SPEAKER_2: But they do die of old age.
SPEAKER_2: They have a lot just like so many other plants.
SPEAKER_1: So why not cut them down in the prime of their life?
SPEAKER_1: You're going to die anyway, old tree.
SPEAKER_2: Wow, not exactly, but yeah, let's move on to the next question, Chuck.
SPEAKER_2: Cheerless, wow.
SPEAKER_1: All right, let's move into our next question, which comes from James Caltis, and which is so funny because his Twitter handle is at James Burdell.
SPEAKER_2: I don't know, man.
SPEAKER_2: But that way he was incognito.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah.
SPEAKER_2: It just made him more incognito.
SPEAKER_1: So here we go.
SPEAKER_1: He says, at Bill Nye, can we modify organisms to produce different or increased vitamins and minerals?
SPEAKER_2: Well, that's what we've done.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, historically, I'm talking about how long have humans been farming, Chuck?
SPEAKER_2: 10,000 years?
SPEAKER_1: Recorded time, yeah.
SPEAKER_2: Something like that.
SPEAKER_2: So talking about farming, not just hunting, scavenging, gathering.
SPEAKER_2: Right.
SPEAKER_2: So literally taking a plot of land.
SPEAKER_2: You would not recognize an ancient corn plant, the descentae, you wouldn't even know it looks like, what does it look like?
SPEAKER_2: A miniature holiday light bulb.
SPEAKER_2: Anyway, now there are these corn cobs are long.
SPEAKER_2: You wouldn't recognize soybean, you wouldn't recognize cotton, you wouldn't recognize any of that.
SPEAKER_2: Humans have cultivated it over years, centuries, millennia, not millennia, tenths of millennia, hundreds of millennia to get these things to be more nutritious, more useful, and more productive and produce more productive farming.
SPEAKER_2: And as we like to say, Chuck.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: There is really nothing natural about farming.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_1: Because you're manipulating the process.
SPEAKER_1: The moment you till the soil and plant a seed.
SPEAKER_2: You start cutting down trees to plant stuff, you're modifying the ecosystem big time.
SPEAKER_1: Exactly.
SPEAKER_2: So I appreciate this desire to be in tune with nature and have everything work out.
SPEAKER_2: And I appreciate Thomas Jefferson's dream of an agrarian society, where we all hung out on farms and thought deep thoughts.
SPEAKER_2: They're on the porch with your, I presume, some dandelion wine or whatever he was into.
SPEAKER_2: And now everybody lives in cities.
SPEAKER_2: That's where we do these amazing productive things.
SPEAKER_2: And a few of us embrace the idea of farming.
SPEAKER_2: And farming is not, we modify the land in an extraordinary way.
SPEAKER_2: So the same thing has been going on since the beginning of farming.
SPEAKER_2: 10,000 years, humans have been trying to improve that which we farm.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_1: Hey, James, that was a great question.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_1: And so we've been in the process of making superfoods forever.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah.
SPEAKER_2: And the word superfood is now used to mean some extraordinary nutritious thing.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_1: Like kale.
SPEAKER_1: Everybody says kale is a superfood.
SPEAKER_2: I like kale.
SPEAKER_1: I do too.
SPEAKER_2: I grow kale at my place out in Los Angeles.
SPEAKER_2: It's a little bit, it's kind of a weed.
SPEAKER_2: Once you get it going.
SPEAKER_1: Once you get it going, you can't.
SPEAKER_2: I got a kale tree.
SPEAKER_1: You might be sorry that you're growing kale.
SPEAKER_2: No, no, no, no.
SPEAKER_2: I love it.
SPEAKER_2: I put it in the salad directly after rinsing.
SPEAKER_2: Or I bake it in the oven and make these kale chips.
SPEAKER_1: You make your own kale chips?
SPEAKER_2: Kale chips are a big fun.
SPEAKER_2: My God, Bill, you're effortless.
SPEAKER_1: You're like the science Martha Stewart.
SPEAKER_2: A little bit.
SPEAKER_1: That's amazing.
SPEAKER_1: I'm making my own kale chips.
SPEAKER_1: That's so cool.
SPEAKER_1: All right, let's move on to...
SPEAKER_1: This is Gerard Ducharme, and Gerard says, Bill, in your recent book Undeniable, you give caution to the use of GMOs and food stuff.
SPEAKER_1: Now you're advocating their use.
SPEAKER_1: Could you explain or describe the science, specifically, that changed your perspective?
SPEAKER_1: So you talked about what happened, but is there a specific scientific moment that you can look to that says, hey man, this is cool now?
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: Should I talk about it?
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, so here's what happened.
SPEAKER_2: They, the man, I got Chuck Nice to laugh, Chuck me out.
SPEAKER_1: You totally got me on that one.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: All right, go ahead.
SPEAKER_1: Please explain.
SPEAKER_2: The man, many of whom are women, at the Behaded Monsanto, half, it's almost half of the scientists are women.
SPEAKER_1: Really?
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, it's very cool, the genetics, the geneticists.
SPEAKER_2: These are the people being graduated now.
SPEAKER_1: No wonder we hate them.
SPEAKER_2: Chuck.
SPEAKER_1: I'm sorry.
SPEAKER_2: Chuck.
SPEAKER_1: Listen, I couldn't resist that, Bill.
SPEAKER_1: I don't really feel that way.
SPEAKER_1: It's just, you know, it was the natural progression for a joke.
SPEAKER_2: You've been happily married.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: Or married, how long have you been married?
SPEAKER_2: 17?
SPEAKER_1: It'll be 17 in August.
SPEAKER_2: And some of those years, I didn't write this joke, some of those years were happy.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, so, okay, so go ahead.
SPEAKER_2: So here's what happened.
SPEAKER_1: Half the scientists are women.
SPEAKER_2: No, that aside, what they're able to do now, they, we, it is assay the gene, this is to say sequence the gene of an individual plant, let's say, at extraordinary speeds.
SPEAKER_2: So 20 years ago, it would take you a month to get the gene sequence of, let's say, soybeans, a soybean plant.
SPEAKER_2: Now they can do that, they can get, I mean, I'm gonna try to do these numbers.
SPEAKER_2: They can get 100,000 in 10 minutes.
SPEAKER_2: So that's about, that's approximately right.
SPEAKER_2: The final number is 10 million.
SPEAKER_2: They can do it 10 million times faster than they could 20 years ago.
SPEAKER_1: 10 million times faster.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, they can assay 10 million genes in a morning.
SPEAKER_2: And so then they are able to select which ones are definitely not promising and eliminate those.
SPEAKER_2: Which ones are clearly susceptible to certain diseases, but just by genetic analysis.
SPEAKER_2: Then they grow-
SPEAKER_1: So they're doing their own natural selection in the course of a morning.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_2: It's amazing.
SPEAKER_2: They didn't used to be able to do that.
SPEAKER_2: And the reason they're able to do it is they've developed these enzymes that stick to guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine, the CAGTs of your genetic code.
SPEAKER_1: That's the letters in the line.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, and then there's four frequencies of laser light that figure out how many of this one and how many of that one and what order they are in a zip of a blink schmink.
SPEAKER_2: And it's just the machine is very cool.
SPEAKER_2: The machines are very cool looking.
SPEAKER_2: And this is what changed my mind, is be able to do it 10 million times faster than they used to be able to do it.
SPEAKER_1: And more importantly, be able to eliminate the ones that are no good.
SPEAKER_2: That's right, or clearly not suitable for farming and susceptible to diseases and so on.
SPEAKER_2: I don't want to judge, man.
SPEAKER_2: No, we're farmers and we want them to come out the way we want them.
SPEAKER_2: And so, long this line, then they plant the promising ones in super controlled sterile greenhouses.
SPEAKER_2: And the ones that have suitable qualities, they propagate.
SPEAKER_2: And so it takes about five years of that.
SPEAKER_2: And then the FDA or the Department of Agriculture, I mean, does another three years typically, sometimes five years.
SPEAKER_2: And then they agree that it's worth planting.
SPEAKER_1: That it's worth planting.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, now two things as an addendum to Mr.
SPEAKER_1: Desharm's question.
SPEAKER_1: Mr.
SPEAKER_1: Desharm, this is an excellent question that you asked, by the way.
SPEAKER_1: One, people would say you're playing God.
SPEAKER_1: That's the first thing.
SPEAKER_2: Well, we're farmers.
SPEAKER_2: And we've been doing that.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, look, if you're, what's the guy's, you know the tumbling tumble, it's the, wait, there's a, he's a cow hand, yippee-tai-oh-kay-ay.
SPEAKER_2: You know, it's your misfortune and none of my own.
SPEAKER_2: He's talking to the cows.
SPEAKER_2: In other words, I'm going to drive you, the cow, to Montana, we're going to eat grass all summer, then we're going to kill you and eat you.
SPEAKER_2: It's your misfortune, not mine.
SPEAKER_2: Okay, that's why you're a vegetarian out there, I understand.
SPEAKER_2: But my point being in that song, this business of farming and raising livestock for human consumption is what we've been doing for a long time.
SPEAKER_1: For a long time, and that's just the way it is.
SPEAKER_2: And very few of us wander, there's our few tribes that wander through forests, subsistence living, and they know just where to go in the forest to subside, to subsist rather.
SPEAKER_2: But you would not have seven billion people running around the world if everybody were trying that.
SPEAKER_1: And plus that's a very dicey proposition.
SPEAKER_2: Well, I mean, there's far fewer of those tribes left than, where are we?
SPEAKER_2: New York, yeah.
SPEAKER_1: Right, exactly.
SPEAKER_2: We couldn't have eight million people living on 13, whatever it's, 28 square miles, or whatever that English unit is.
SPEAKER_1: I think we almost do.
SPEAKER_1: Based on the subway ride I took over here.
SPEAKER_2: No, but no, you wouldn't do that with farm, if you were trying to farm on the same island.
SPEAKER_1: Boom, okay.
SPEAKER_1: Excellent, excellent question.
SPEAKER_1: And thank you, Mr.
SPEAKER_1: Ducharme, and thank you, Bill, because the description of that machine is fantastic.
SPEAKER_2: So they chip, they chip the corn kernel, that's the verb.
SPEAKER_2: And so the kernel will still grow, but by taking this little piece of it out, they're able to assay the gene completely and still have the thing grow.
SPEAKER_2: They can compare what they expected to happen with what happens.
SPEAKER_1: That's amazing.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, it's just-
SPEAKER_1: I mean, that is just phenomenally amazing.
SPEAKER_2: They've been messing with it, and it's a consequence of information technology.
SPEAKER_2: This is to say it's a consequence of our ability to run computers at such extraordinary speeds, let alone the chemistry of the thing with these, getting these enzymes to sort the cytosine, thymine, adenine, and guanine.
SPEAKER_2: It's amazing, it's amazing.
SPEAKER_1: Wow, all right, so now Michael Foley coming to us from Google Plus wants to know this.
SPEAKER_1: Is GMO too broad a category for any single statement?
SPEAKER_1: Should organisms grown from individually edited sequences of DNA be treated the same as vat-grown meat, as golden rice, as hybrid grains, as heirloom tomatoes?
SPEAKER_1: Who knows?
SPEAKER_1: Also, we vat-grow mammoth.
SPEAKER_1: Now, I don't know what the hell that means.
SPEAKER_2: There's guys who want to take mammoth genes and make a new man.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, yeah, who want to make a wooly mammoth again.
SPEAKER_2: Like Jurassic Park.
SPEAKER_1: Because there's an Indian elephant right now that actually is only one small bit away from-
SPEAKER_2: Chuck, who are you?
SPEAKER_2: You're all over this.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_1: Anyway, I don't know how I remember all this crap.
SPEAKER_1: So this is what he wants to know.
SPEAKER_1: Is it too broad of a category for any single statement?
SPEAKER_1: I mean, is it all the same?
SPEAKER_1: Or is there a difference?
SPEAKER_1: Or, you know, he's saying-
SPEAKER_2: Well, I've said many times, you gotta go case by case.
SPEAKER_2: But that's what we do.
SPEAKER_2: That's what the people who are growing genetically modified crops especially, that's their deal.
SPEAKER_2: They absolutely do go case by case.
SPEAKER_2: But it comes to use of words.
SPEAKER_2: It's a really hard thing to control.
SPEAKER_2: Words are organic.
SPEAKER_2: That is to say, they're bottom up.
SPEAKER_2: Somebody coins a term that people like, it sticks.
SPEAKER_2: Is this a tomato or an heirloom tomato?
SPEAKER_2: Is it yellow or red?
SPEAKER_2: These words are hard to control.
SPEAKER_2: When you start trying to tell people, no, this is not genetically modified.
SPEAKER_2: This is intra-species.
SPEAKER_2: You're just going to get into a fistfight about semantics.
SPEAKER_1: Really, it's not about semantics.
SPEAKER_1: It's about going case by case and seeing what works.
SPEAKER_2: However, but in the big picture, in the broad stroke, I claim genetically modified crops are a good thing.
SPEAKER_2: That they're to the benefit of humankind.
SPEAKER_1: That's your baseline right there.
SPEAKER_2: Right there.
SPEAKER_2: What happened was when the genetically modified cotton, especially, was introduced, and then the corn and soybeans, it was in the middle of the 1990s, it was kind of the same afternoon that the bovine spongiform encephalitis, the BSC, the mad cow disease, emerged, especially in Britain, and the two things got conflated.
SPEAKER_2: BSC got mixed with GMO, and people thought they were all the same.
SPEAKER_2: They thought it was industrial farming, the man controlling things and making everybody sick, but those two really are separate, separate issues.
SPEAKER_2: Spongiform encephalitis, mad cow disease, where your brain turns to a sponge, is separate from corn that the corn borer or insect can't eat.
SPEAKER_1: Gotcha.
SPEAKER_2: But you can.
SPEAKER_1: But you can.
SPEAKER_2: We're not susceptible to that protein.
SPEAKER_2: Passes right through us, not to give you too much information.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, okay, good.
SPEAKER_1: Now I realize what happened to me last night.
SPEAKER_2: No, no, you wouldn't even notice.
SPEAKER_2: Sorry, you can't even notice.
SPEAKER_2: It goes right on through.
SPEAKER_1: Right on through, huh?
SPEAKER_1: Gotcha.
SPEAKER_1: All right, well, that makes sense.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, so there you have it, Michael.
SPEAKER_1: There's your answer, man.
SPEAKER_2: But what about the mammoth?
SPEAKER_2: How do you feel about the mammoth?
SPEAKER_2: Do you want to make one?
SPEAKER_1: I absolutely do.
SPEAKER_2: I think it'd be the coolest.
SPEAKER_1: I think it'd be the greatest thing in the world, to actually see a wooly mammoth walking around.
SPEAKER_2: Oh man, come on.
SPEAKER_1: It would be the only animal I would actually advocate being in a zoo, because I don't believe in zoos.
SPEAKER_2: But with that said, where else would that technology lead?
SPEAKER_2: Like if you could successfully do that, could you bring back the great oak?
SPEAKER_2: Could you bring back other useful species that would, the frogs, the frogs that are being so stressed by that fungus, could we bring all those animals back in a way that we would have more diversity in the ecosystem based on this trial with the mammoth?
SPEAKER_2: These are great questions.
SPEAKER_1: I have no problem with anything that you just said.
SPEAKER_1: As long as we're not bringing back predators, something that would like to eat me.
SPEAKER_2: The movie where all the animals have had enough.
SPEAKER_2: You know, Chuck, it's really hard to get eaten by a lion.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, you have to, especially, just everybody if you're listening, we're in New York City.
SPEAKER_2: We're not gonna get attacked by a lion.
SPEAKER_2: The same with shark biting.
SPEAKER_2: It happens, but not that much.
SPEAKER_1: All right, so my fears are unfounded.
SPEAKER_2: Well, not, I mean, just keep them in perspective.
SPEAKER_2: He's struck by lightnings way more likely.
SPEAKER_1: Pete from Twitter wants to know, here in California, I'm very concerned about the drought.
SPEAKER_1: Apparently Pete's the only one, so.
SPEAKER_2: You should be Pete, because this could be the future.
SPEAKER_2: It could be from now on, California's gonna have that little water.
SPEAKER_2: And what are we gonna do about it?
SPEAKER_1: That is scary.
SPEAKER_2: Well, I'll tell you.
SPEAKER_1: Go ahead.
SPEAKER_2: I Welcome back, welcome back to StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_2: Bill Nye here, your guest host for my dear friend, Neil deGrasse Tyson, and I'm here with my colleague and insightful science commentator, Chuck Nice.
SPEAKER_1: First time that's ever been said.
SPEAKER_2: And Chuck Nice will read your cosmic queries.
SPEAKER_2: These are questions that have come to us from the cosmos.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: That's you all out there.
SPEAKER_1: Absolutely.
SPEAKER_1: So before we went to the break, we had a cliffhanger that was given to us by Pete from Twitter, and Pete wanted to know, he says, here in California, I'm very concerned about the drought.
SPEAKER_1: Can GMOs make for less H2O consumption?
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, that's a big claim that I think is well substantiated by the genetically modified companies, genetically modifying companies, companies that put genes from different species into farms and species that we want to farm, crops especially, and this seems, they claim, very reasonable that they can make crops that are drought tolerant.
SPEAKER_1: Drought tolerant.
SPEAKER_2: They can hold their water.
SPEAKER_2: They don't let it evaporate through their leaves or stems the way extant native plants might, and they strongly believe that they can reduce the amount of water needed.
SPEAKER_2: Furthermore, it's very reasonable that we can put water capturing gels in the soil, in farm soil.
SPEAKER_2: And these would be those, you know, the, you put the foam rubber thing in the glass and it becomes a dinosaur and it grows and be like that in the farm soil.
SPEAKER_2: And you can say, well, that's not natural.
SPEAKER_2: Well, farming's not natural.
SPEAKER_2: So, uh, using less water, doing more with less.
SPEAKER_2: That's the key to our future is more with less, not to just do less.
SPEAKER_2: I grew up with Earth Day and the hippies were all telling us, you know, don't drive, drive less, breathe less, use less clean water.
SPEAKER_2: In fact, if you can't, don't eat, if you can manage that, don't even eat.
SPEAKER_1: They certainly didn't bathe.
SPEAKER_2: Uh, well, so wear dirty clothes because it takes water to clean them.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah.
SPEAKER_2: So, uh, that turned out not the eating part, especially turned out not to be popular.
SPEAKER_2: So now the key is not to just do less.
SPEAKER_2: It's to do more with less.
SPEAKER_2: And that is the claim of the genetically modified seed companies that they are doing more with less.
SPEAKER_2: And I, I agree with them.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: I'm not in the business, but I agree with them.
SPEAKER_1: So there you go, Pete.
SPEAKER_1: Uh, the, the drought, uh, what, what do they call it now?
SPEAKER_2: Drought drought tolerant drought tolerant plants, especially, let's say it rains for a little while, like a cactus, it holds on to its water.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: And then it lives through a drought bastard that it is not saying we're turning cotton plants into cacti.
SPEAKER_2: I'm saying an example that you're all familiar.
SPEAKER_2: Everybody's familiar with.
SPEAKER_1: All right, so let's go to Iyanna, who is at Goddess Memoirs on Twitter.
SPEAKER_1: Sounds good.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, it does.
SPEAKER_1: It does, Goddess Memoirs.
SPEAKER_1: All right, would soil on Mars force us to genetically modify foods to be able to grow there because of less sun, in other words, leafless?
SPEAKER_1: Can we geneticify?
SPEAKER_2: Genetify.
SPEAKER_2: I feel genetify.
SPEAKER_2: All right, that would be.
SPEAKER_1: Can we geneticify plants to the point where they don't even need photosynthesis, but they can still be eaten?
SPEAKER_2: Well, we eat mushrooms.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, wow.
SPEAKER_2: Do, do, do, do.
SPEAKER_1: Look at you, man.
SPEAKER_1: Look at that.
SPEAKER_2: Touche.
SPEAKER_2: All that aside.
SPEAKER_1: I do eat mushrooms.
SPEAKER_1: As a matter of fact, I'm still having flashbacks from the last batch.
SPEAKER_2: I can't hear you.
SPEAKER_2: So everybody, I know it sounds so romantic to go live on Mars to some of us, among which I am not whom, usage intended for comedic effect.
SPEAKER_2: Everybody, Mars is cold, crazy cold.
SPEAKER_2: And the sun is less than a quarter as bright.
SPEAKER_2: So it's dim.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, I know we take pictures there, but these are with cameras that are where the iris or the system is set up to capture a lot of light before the picture is sent home here to Earth.
SPEAKER_1: So not a place to live if you have seasonal affect disorder.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, and you can't breathe.
SPEAKER_1: Gotcha.
SPEAKER_2: So everybody, it sounds so romantic.
SPEAKER_2: If you really want to colonize Mars, go to Antarctica for a couple years.
SPEAKER_2: And don't, no, not on the shore where the birds are, and the orcas grabbing the penguins out of midair.
SPEAKER_2: No, no.
SPEAKER_1: None of this happy feet stuff.
SPEAKER_2: No, right.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: None of that.
SPEAKER_2: You go where it hasn't snowed in over a century and see the dry valleys and see what you think.
SPEAKER_2: Try it for a couple years.
SPEAKER_2: And by the way, don't even breathe.
SPEAKER_2: Take all the scuba tanks you need just to simulate it.
SPEAKER_2: So I want to go to Mars.
SPEAKER_2: I want to look for signs of life on Mars.
SPEAKER_2: I'm the first guy to do that.
SPEAKER_2: But I don't want to go colonize it and then genetically modified crops, so they modify crops so they can survive in a greenhouse on Mars.
SPEAKER_2: That would be charming.
SPEAKER_2: But it's not a big goal of mine.
SPEAKER_1: So what would be more, I know we're still in GMOs, but I just got to ask, what would be more desirable, colonizing Mars or colonizing the moon?
SPEAKER_2: The moon would be...
SPEAKER_2: Here's the thing.
SPEAKER_2: In Antarctica, we have a science base.
SPEAKER_2: We have a McMurdo station, and people go there and they do scientific research.
SPEAKER_2: They make amazing discoveries.
SPEAKER_2: Earth used to be so warm, ancient dinosaurs wandered around on that continent back in the day.
SPEAKER_1: What?
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_2: But we make those discoveries.
SPEAKER_2: That's good, but you don't go there to live.
SPEAKER_2: You go there to work and hang out for a while.
SPEAKER_1: I got you.
SPEAKER_2: From your perspective.
SPEAKER_1: From my perspective.
SPEAKER_2: He's eschews, poo-poos, is disrespectful of our beloved Los Angeles.
SPEAKER_1: Love Los Angeles, just couldn't live there.
SPEAKER_2: So anyway, the same is true of Mars.
SPEAKER_2: Now genetically modifying plants to make it on Mars a worthy undertaking, but not something I want to spend a lot of invest, a lot of intellect and treasure on.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_1: Let us move on to another question.
SPEAKER_2: Another cosmic query.
SPEAKER_1: Another cosmic query, because we're almost up against the lightning round, which is fast approaching.
SPEAKER_1: So now this is from Inquiring Minds.
SPEAKER_1: Bill, you talk a lot about GMOs.
SPEAKER_1: You changed your mind.
SPEAKER_1: Is Monsanto paying you?
SPEAKER_2: No.
SPEAKER_2: In fact, we went out to dinner the other day.
SPEAKER_2: My editor, Corey.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, I thought you meant you and Monsanto.
SPEAKER_2: And Rob Fraley.
SPEAKER_1: I was going to say, that may count, Bill.
SPEAKER_2: No, no.
SPEAKER_2: So there were four of us at dinner, two Monsantanians.
SPEAKER_2: As Rob Fraley shakes your hand, he says, hi, I'm Monsatan.
SPEAKER_2: Because he hears all that stuff.
SPEAKER_2: And no, we, each team bought its own dinner.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, okay.
SPEAKER_2: However, when I visited Monsanto, they offered me a sandwich and a cup of coffee, and I enjoyed both.
SPEAKER_2: But I flew myself there.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, in an airplane.
SPEAKER_2: Wait a minute.
SPEAKER_1: Here's the real question.
SPEAKER_1: Did that sandwich have genetically modified vegetables?
SPEAKER_2: I'm sure it did.
SPEAKER_2: Sure, you can't avoid them.
SPEAKER_2: Absolutely.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_2: So, by the way, I went to an anti-Monsanto rally here in New York City.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_2: And I was really impressed by how thoughtless and short-sighted the people there were.
SPEAKER_2: It was really something.
SPEAKER_2: I just didn't realize.
SPEAKER_2: They got to the point.
SPEAKER_2: Now, Chuck, I don't know your political leanings, but it got to the point where they wanted you to believe that the president of the United States is controlled by Monsanto.
SPEAKER_1: Well, isn't he?
SPEAKER_1: Come on.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, please, he's a Kenyan Muslim socialist.
SPEAKER_1: He might as well be controlled by the United States Monsanto people, too.
SPEAKER_2: And as people point out, Monsanto is in the top 500 Fortune 500 companies, but it's not in the top five.
SPEAKER_2: It's way down, like at 200 or so.
SPEAKER_1: So they're not even that big of a deal.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, they're big, but they're not as big as Apple or...
SPEAKER_1: Or Beyonce.
SPEAKER_2: Or yes, or Beyonce.
SPEAKER_1: All right, there you go, people.
SPEAKER_1: There you have it.
SPEAKER_2: We're coming right up, Chuck.
SPEAKER_2: I'm reluctant to say my favorite part of the show, but let me say a part of the show I very much look forward to, and that is Chuck.
SPEAKER_2: The lightning round.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: There it is, buddy.
SPEAKER_2: So hit me the lightning round question, Chuck.
SPEAKER_1: Go for it.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, you know how it goes.
SPEAKER_1: Here it goes.
SPEAKER_1: Ben Miller from Facebook wants to know, isn't cross-breeding genetic modification?
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: Simple enough.
SPEAKER_2: In a different style.
SPEAKER_1: In a different style.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, Steven Shefflo from Twitter says, where can GMOs potentially take agriculture in five, 10 and 50 years?
SPEAKER_1: Man, that's not really a lightning round question.
SPEAKER_2: No, but the answer is we're in an arms race, us versus the pigweed, us versus the thing after the pigweed.
SPEAKER_2: And so, for example, what these genetic modified biotech companies want to do, seed companies, is keep up in the arms race.
SPEAKER_2: Make, stack the genes, as they say, so it's resistant to glyphosate, it's resistant to dicamba, this other style of herbicide, and it's resistant to the certain insects that attack that certain plant.
SPEAKER_1: Bingo, there you have it.
SPEAKER_1: Samson Moses, talk about a biblical name there.
SPEAKER_1: Samson Moses from Google Plus wants to know, why is it that everyone is afraid of new science?
SPEAKER_1: Is it just ignorance?
SPEAKER_2: Seems to be.
SPEAKER_2: Plus, keep in mind that scientists in the last century have promised the stuff that, and I say they, we, it, and the example I give you is the nuclear industry, built these astonishing bombs.
SPEAKER_2: I mean, just amazing-looking world-ending bombs.
SPEAKER_2: And then, okay, maybe we can get some industrial power out of this, but it's pretty complicated and we have a lot of waste and trust us, and that's led to mistrust of science.
SPEAKER_2: With that said, with a scientific literate populace, we can make good decisions about this as voters and taxpayers.
SPEAKER_2: Lightning round, let's go.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, Peter Gutierrez Jr.
SPEAKER_1: wants, or that would be Junior.
SPEAKER_2: Junior.
SPEAKER_1: Junior.
SPEAKER_1: From Facebook wants to know, can GMOs occur naturally?
SPEAKER_2: Well, this is the thing.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, this is the big paper that came out recently was the sweet potatoes, where these genes from other organisms got in the sweet potatoes that you and I know and love and thank our stars and cosmic rays that they did because we enjoy them that much, those potatoes that much more.
SPEAKER_1: Nicely done.
SPEAKER_1: This is New Kid Danny.
SPEAKER_1: New Kid Danny from Facebook says, number one, congratulations on light sail one.
SPEAKER_2: Thank you.
SPEAKER_2: Our test flight was a success.
SPEAKER_2: We got an orbit.
SPEAKER_2: We passed all the tests to qualify for the rocket.
SPEAKER_2: We got an orbit.
SPEAKER_2: We deployed the sails.
SPEAKER_2: We took the pictures.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: All right.
SPEAKER_1: So here's his question.
SPEAKER_1: What will be the significance of GMOs in our future manned missions in the solar system?
SPEAKER_2: Well, they're already up there.
SPEAKER_2: When you go to eat astronaut food, you're eating food that's produced from genetic modification, from interspecies modification.
SPEAKER_2: And it's a good thing because the food is that much more delicious and nutritious.
SPEAKER_1: Wow.
SPEAKER_1: Thomas Riley from Facebook wrote this.
SPEAKER_1: And he wants to know, hey, Bill, what is your position on labeling of GMOs in the supermarket?
SPEAKER_2: I think it's fine.
SPEAKER_2: In fact, I've said to those guys at Pioneer and Dow and ConAgra and Monsanto, Monsatan, I've told them, why don't you say put proudly GMO on there?
SPEAKER_2: Let's see what happens.
SPEAKER_1: Makes sense.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: Let the market sort it out.
SPEAKER_2: If people don't want it, then we'll see what happens.
SPEAKER_1: This is Matt Eli from Facebook.
SPEAKER_1: Clearly, Matt does not agree with you.
SPEAKER_1: Hey, Bill, since changing your views on GMOs, have you spent time with other respected scientists in the not so GMO crowd to give them a chance at a rebuttal and present new evidence to you?
SPEAKER_1: In other words, he doesn't agree.
SPEAKER_1: Do you spend time with any scientists that don't agree with your change?
SPEAKER_2: Yes, yes.
SPEAKER_2: I'm a member of the advisory board of the Union of Concerned Scientists.
SPEAKER_2: The Union of Concerned Scientists traditionally is very anti-GMO, so I argue with those people now and then.
SPEAKER_2: Argue, connect a series of statements to establish a proposition.
SPEAKER_2: And I think GMOs are fine.
SPEAKER_1: There you go.
SPEAKER_1: And their meetings take place at the Hall of Justice.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_1: Whoa.
SPEAKER_2: 30 seconds.
SPEAKER_1: Here we go.
SPEAKER_1: This is from Charles Lee Thorpe who wants to know perhaps some of the fear around GMO crops is that we are opening up Pandora's Box.
SPEAKER_1: Do you anticipate a future where we become GMOs ourselves?
SPEAKER_1: That is the fear.
SPEAKER_2: You are GMO.
SPEAKER_2: Your parents chose each other.
SPEAKER_2: Thank you very much, everybody, for the lightning round.
SPEAKER_2: We have had a wonderful time.
SPEAKER_2: Thanks for listening to StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_2: I am here with Chuck Nice and I am your guest host Bill Nye.
SPEAKER_2: And we look very forward much to our next Star Talk Podcast.
SPEAKER_2: And I hope you will dare I say it.