SPEAKER_1: Welcome to StarTalk, your place in the universe where science and pop culture collide.
SPEAKER_1: StarTalk begins right now.
SPEAKER_1: Welcome to StarTalk.
SPEAKER_1: I'm your host, Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist, and I'm also the director of New York City's Hayden Planetarium at the American Museum of Natural History.
SPEAKER_1: I have two guest hosts with me today, comedian Leanne Lord.
SPEAKER_1: Leanne, thanks for coming back.
SPEAKER_3: Oh, man.
SPEAKER_1: To StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_3: Thank you for having me.
SPEAKER_1: You were in our first season.
SPEAKER_3: I was.
SPEAKER_1: So we couldn't resist bringing you back.
SPEAKER_1: And for the first time.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: In his debut appearance, Chuck Nice.
SPEAKER_2: Hey, man.
SPEAKER_2: Chuck.
SPEAKER_2: The newbie.
SPEAKER_1: The newbie.
SPEAKER_1: Good to have you.
SPEAKER_2: It's good to be had.
SPEAKER_1: A lot went on off the air.
SPEAKER_2: You have no idea how I got this job.
SPEAKER_1: So, this is going to be like sort of Neil deGrasse Tyson's house party.
SPEAKER_1: It's a holiday party, and I'm just going to sort of be Professor Tyson and just talk about everything I know about the cosmic significance of the holiday season.
SPEAKER_2: This is going to be a week-long show.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, you're down with that.
SPEAKER_5: Settle in, cats and kittens.
SPEAKER_5: Delivery.
SPEAKER_1: We always associate certain constellations and stars of the winter sky.
SPEAKER_1: By the way, stars are up all year round.
SPEAKER_1: It's just whether they're up before you go to sleep.
SPEAKER_1: When we talk about winter constellations, we're talking about constellations and stars that are up after your dinner and before you go to sleep.
SPEAKER_1: Sweet.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, and so the most famous of those is Orion.
SPEAKER_1: But we're going to get back to Orion towards the end of the show because I have a lot to tell you about.
SPEAKER_1: It's the most recognizable constellation out there.
SPEAKER_1: But what I want to lead with even before that is the solstice.
SPEAKER_1: A lot written about the solstice.
SPEAKER_1: First, it's Latin, sol meaning sun, stice meaning stationary.
SPEAKER_1: Remember armistice?
SPEAKER_1: If you're 100 years old, armistice, it's stationary arms.
SPEAKER_1: No one is fighting anymore.
SPEAKER_1: Armistice Day became Veterans Day.
SPEAKER_1: Solstice is where the sun stays still.
SPEAKER_1: Now not in any biblical sense where it just stops in the sky.
SPEAKER_1: What actually happens at the solstice, I don't know if you pay attention between summer and winter, but what goes on is every day that you get closer to the winter, the sun's arc in the sky gets lower and lower.
SPEAKER_2: And that makes the days shorter and shorter.
SPEAKER_1: In fact, the shortest day of the year is the solstice, December 21st.
SPEAKER_1: And that's typically, we call it the first day of winter, which means every day of winter gets longer.
SPEAKER_1: Days get longer in the winter, not shorter.
SPEAKER_2: Which takes us to my favorite day of the year, culminating after that, which would be...
SPEAKER_2: Kwanzaa?
SPEAKER_2: The equinox.
SPEAKER_1: No, equinox.
SPEAKER_2: The vernal equinox, right?
SPEAKER_2: Isn't that the longest day of the year?
SPEAKER_1: No, no, no, no, no.
SPEAKER_1: Wait, wait.
SPEAKER_1: You have to come back for that one.
SPEAKER_1: Equinox, vernal equinox is March.
SPEAKER_1: That's three months from now.
SPEAKER_2: No, what's the longest day of the year?
SPEAKER_1: That would be the summer solstice.
SPEAKER_2: The summer solstice, not the vernal equinox.
SPEAKER_1: The longest day of the year, technically, gentlemen, is April 15th, which is tax day.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, okay.
SPEAKER_1: For the accountants only there.
SPEAKER_2: Right, so the summer solstice.
SPEAKER_1: So here's what's going on.
SPEAKER_1: In the solstice, on December 21st, ancient peoples saw the sun get lower and lower in the sky every day, and this worried them.
SPEAKER_1: Because when you're agriculturally driven, if the sun goes away, you die, your crops die, you're scared.
SPEAKER_1: So a few days later, you figure out the sun is no longer dropping in the horizon on its arc across the sky.
SPEAKER_1: It stops and then reverses and it's on its way back.
SPEAKER_1: It takes a few days to figure this out by about December 25th.
SPEAKER_2: Right.
SPEAKER_2: That's an interesting date for this to happen.
SPEAKER_1: Exactly.
SPEAKER_1: And so what went on was Christianity, when it wanted to take a foothold among pagan celebrants of the return of the sun after the solstice, they said, well, let's take this uncertain day called the birth of Jesus and put it on a day that everyone else already cares about.
SPEAKER_1: And that way that would increase the likelihood of getting converts to the new religion of Christianity.
SPEAKER_1: And so they put the birth of Jesus right on a day where everyone was already celebrating December 25th.
SPEAKER_2: Because nothing sells a religion like a party.
SPEAKER_2: And that's what I'm talking about.
SPEAKER_1: You know, we've got, I have a special link to the Vatican.
SPEAKER_1: Do you know that?
SPEAKER_2: No, we didn't.
SPEAKER_1: I got peeps in the Vatican.
SPEAKER_2: Sweet.
SPEAKER_3: You got a hotline to the Pope?
SPEAKER_1: I got a hotline.
SPEAKER_1: Well, not to the Pope, but somebody who has audience with the Pope.
SPEAKER_3: Well, that's good.
SPEAKER_1: A colleague of mine, Brother Guy Consolangio, he's an astrophysicist, and I think he's a Jesuit brother.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, they got him there.
SPEAKER_2: I was going to say.
SPEAKER_1: I'm going to bring him on.
SPEAKER_2: In the Vatican?
SPEAKER_1: In the Vatican.
SPEAKER_1: We're calling the Vatican right now.
SPEAKER_1: Guy, are you on the line?
SPEAKER_3: I am indeed listening to you guys.
SPEAKER_1: Guy, and you're in the Vatican, it's like midnight there right now, correct?
SPEAKER_3: That's correct.
SPEAKER_1: So, well, thanks for calling in.
SPEAKER_1: And just to field our questions, just a few questions.
SPEAKER_1: I don't know if I'm the only one that has them, but do they let you believe in Santa Claus at the Vatican?
SPEAKER_3: Anybody who knows the history of religion knows about St.
SPEAKER_3: Nicholas, and how could you not believe in St.
SPEAKER_3: Nicholas, which is of course what Santa Claus really is.
SPEAKER_3: Now, maybe all the stories you've heard about St.
SPEAKER_3: Nicholas aren't exactly what you, you know, what the truth is, but then that could also be said about all the stories you've heard about Neil deGrasse Tyson.
SPEAKER_1: And another thing, the, there's all this talk about what the star of Bethlehem might have been astronomically, and you can look at the records and you find out there are a couple of conjunctions of planets, and we'll talk about those later in the program.
SPEAKER_1: But while I have you on the line, I just want to know, do you and like fellow astrophysicists at the, at the Vatican Commissary argue over stuff like this over the Christmas holidays?
SPEAKER_3: Well, actually, we do because every year some crazy reporter calls us up and wants to know what the official Vatican word is.
SPEAKER_3: There isn't an official Vatican word.
SPEAKER_3: We don't know any more than anybody else does.
SPEAKER_3: Yeah, but you have a fun to speculate about it.
SPEAKER_1: But you have access to programs that tell you what the planet stars and moons were doing, right?
SPEAKER_1: And so what would you say was the best guess?
SPEAKER_1: Or were you just going to say it was divine and get on with the next question?
SPEAKER_3: You know, for all we know, it could be a divine miracle for all we know it could be a pious story.
SPEAKER_3: My favorite is a theory that Michael Molnar came up with a few years ago saying that it was actually the heliacal rise of a conjunction of planets.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, and heliacal is where a group of planets are together in the sky and they rise just before the appearance of the sun in the morning sky.
SPEAKER_3: And that would explain why no one except the astrologers knew what was going on.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, because they're the only ones who paid attention to that sort of thing.
SPEAKER_3: Exactly.
SPEAKER_1: I see.
SPEAKER_1: And so, but I'm wondering, conjunctions where you have Jupiter in the sky or Saturn with it or Venus, even the crescent moon can join them.
SPEAKER_1: Those are not actually rare.
SPEAKER_1: People like to think they are, but they're not.
SPEAKER_3: No.
SPEAKER_1: And so, so if you want to try to pin a not rare, but nonetheless beautiful event on something that you want to be signified a change in all of religion in the world, you think you'd come up with a better cosmic phenomenon than just a conjunction.
SPEAKER_3: Right.
SPEAKER_3: And that's what Molnar has done.
SPEAKER_3: He's come up with a whole bunch of these guys, all in Halaqa Raij at the same time, about four or five different things, and all in the same constellation that signified the country of Judea.
SPEAKER_1: Which constellation was that?
SPEAKER_3: It could be Aries.
SPEAKER_1: Aries, I see.
SPEAKER_1: So they got this all figured out.
SPEAKER_3: Well, in fact, he's got it all figured out.
SPEAKER_3: He hasn't convinced anybody else.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, that's kind of what it is to publish your research.
SPEAKER_1: You believe it and no one else does.
SPEAKER_3: That's it.
SPEAKER_1: Well, Guy, thanks for calling in.
SPEAKER_1: And it's been great to have you.
SPEAKER_1: And it's been a while since I've seen you back here in New York.
SPEAKER_1: But make sure to give me a holler next time you're stateside.
SPEAKER_1: And I was checking on your wiki page, and you have a book on what it is to be a scientist at the Vatican, right?
SPEAKER_1: What's that called?
SPEAKER_3: Well, we've got a couple of ones.
SPEAKER_3: The most recent one came out for the Year of Astronomy.
SPEAKER_3: It was called The Heaven's Proclaim.
SPEAKER_3: And it's the history of all the different astronomy that the Vatican supported over the years.
SPEAKER_1: I got you.
SPEAKER_1: And the International Year of Astronomy was 2009.
SPEAKER_1: That was the 400th anniversary of Galileo turning his telescope to the night sky.
SPEAKER_3: And for all you've heard, you remember Galileo was a good Italian and a good Catholic.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, is that right?
SPEAKER_1: Yeah.
SPEAKER_1: He's not often credited with being a religious guy, but of course he was.
SPEAKER_1: He just had some disagreements with the Pope.
SPEAKER_3: Yeah, well, he wouldn't have been the first Catholic.
SPEAKER_1: Well, plus, I actually think he was...
SPEAKER_1: You know, are you smart or stupid to disagree with the people who have power over you?
SPEAKER_1: I don't know.
SPEAKER_1: That's something that historians always grapple with.
SPEAKER_3: Again, he wouldn't be the first one, however.
SPEAKER_1: So, Guy, thanks for calling in, Guy Consulmano, and you're a brother in the Jesuit order, correct?
SPEAKER_3: That's right.
SPEAKER_1: And the Jesuits are the one who persecuted Galileo?
SPEAKER_3: Not!
SPEAKER_2: So basically, he's doing penance.
SPEAKER_3: Hey, thanks to them that the Vatican actually pays a bunch of us astrophysicists to just do good science.
SPEAKER_1: Excellent.
SPEAKER_3: Okay.
SPEAKER_1: So there's hope in the world.
SPEAKER_3: Absolutely.
SPEAKER_1: Thanks for calling in on StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_3: And have a great Christmas, all you guys.
SPEAKER_2: Will do.
SPEAKER_1: Thank you.
SPEAKER_3: Bye-bye.
SPEAKER_2: Wow, that was cool.
SPEAKER_2: I got cool people out there.
SPEAKER_2: I got to give it to you.
SPEAKER_1: And if you want to find links to his book and more on a biography of Guy Consolmagno, you can join StarTalk Radio's Facebook page, where we'll give information about him.
SPEAKER_1: And on our website, we have links to him.
SPEAKER_2: I learned a new word, heliacal.
SPEAKER_1: Heliacal.
SPEAKER_1: Hey.
SPEAKER_2: Which is like the heliacal rise.
SPEAKER_2: Like that rise was heliacal.
SPEAKER_2: Sounds like it was funny, you know?
SPEAKER_2: Dude, you are heliacal.
SPEAKER_1: That could be another use of the word, heliacal.
SPEAKER_2: Put it on a t-shirt.
SPEAKER_1: That was a heliacal moment.
SPEAKER_2: Exactly.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, so heliacal, H-E-L would be the sun, helios, and if something rose just before the sun, it was a sign that there was something magical about to happen.
SPEAKER_1: And later on, we'll talk about Sirius rising before, the star Sirius, rising before the sun.
SPEAKER_2: That's a heliacal dog.
SPEAKER_2: It's a heliacal dog.
SPEAKER_5: I gotta say, I love when he said that the Vatican, we don't know more, any more than anyone else does.
SPEAKER_3: I'm like, wow, really?
SPEAKER_3: Wow.
SPEAKER_1: You're saving that one.
SPEAKER_1: So, a couple other things.
SPEAKER_1: There are people, if you want to believe that there was some kind of star that the three wise men saw, and religious people have turned to astrophysicists from the beginning to ask us, is there anything that we know of that occurred back then?
SPEAKER_1: And so we go through the list, you say, about when was he born?
SPEAKER_1: Turns out it was not year zero.
SPEAKER_1: I wonder if Jesus knew that.
SPEAKER_1: He wasn't born in the year zero.
SPEAKER_1: Turns out it was not year zero.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, so we comb the records of the sky, which we can do because we have laws of physics that tell us how gravity operates on the movement of bodies in the sky for thousands of years in the future and thousands of years into the past.
SPEAKER_1: So it's actually quite an empowerment of the ability to calculate.
SPEAKER_1: In fact, scientists are the only breed in the world that can predict with accuracy what's going to happen.
SPEAKER_2: What's going to happen in the future?
SPEAKER_1: Yeah.
SPEAKER_4: So scientists are women is what you're saying?
SPEAKER_2: Touchy subject, touchy subject.
SPEAKER_2: I thought you meant scientists were Ms.
SPEAKER_2: Cleo.
SPEAKER_2: Call me now.
SPEAKER_1: I said with accuracy.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, you put a caveat on it.
SPEAKER_2: See, that's a lie.
SPEAKER_2: I understand.
SPEAKER_2: So wait a minute.
SPEAKER_2: So now since scientists can look backwards in time and see events that have transpired in the heavens, are there any events coinciding with the time that we're talking about that may point to a very bright star being in the sky above Bethlehem?
SPEAKER_1: Okay, here's a bright star in the sky would be above everybody in the world.
SPEAKER_1: If it was true, if it's a bright star, everybody's going to catch it.
SPEAKER_1: Wouldn't have to be just above Bethlehem.
SPEAKER_2: Okay.
SPEAKER_1: So my sort of best guess.
SPEAKER_2: Thanks for making me feel stupid.
SPEAKER_2: That's why we're here, man.
SPEAKER_5: That's the point of the show.
SPEAKER_5: That's you, Neil.
SPEAKER_2: No, seriously, I want to know.
SPEAKER_1: So one of my best, as I comb through the list of candidates, the Chinese kept excellent records of what was going on in the night sky.
SPEAKER_1: Back then, the astrologers who were sort of the court appointed advisors to those who were in charge, they were tasked with trying to understand what forces of the universe might operate on culture.
SPEAKER_1: And so they kept really accurate records there.
SPEAKER_1: So Chinese astrologers commented on a new star that appeared in the constellation Capricorn in 5 BC.
SPEAKER_2: Now that's right around what we're talking about.
SPEAKER_1: That's right around when we're talking about 5 BC, so that's around the right year.
SPEAKER_1: And it turns out that new stars got the name Nova.
SPEAKER_1: Nova is Latin for new.
SPEAKER_1: Turns out later on we would learn, basically in the 20th century, we would learn that stars that appear out of nowhere, we call them Novus because they're new to you, but they've been there forever and they're dying.
SPEAKER_2: So they're exploding.
SPEAKER_1: They're exploding their guts into interstellar space.
SPEAKER_2: So what we're seeing is the explosion, the death of a star.
SPEAKER_1: The death of a star.
SPEAKER_1: And so they caught a new star, a Nova, in Capricorn, and we can see the remnants of this with telescopes today.
SPEAKER_1: And so that looks to me, there are others where Jupiter and Saturn got together in the sky.
SPEAKER_1: And as Brother Guy, I call him Brother Guy.
SPEAKER_2: Brother Guy.
SPEAKER_1: Bro.
SPEAKER_2: What's up, Brother Guy?
SPEAKER_1: What's up, Brother Guy?
SPEAKER_1: As he correctly reminded us, conjunctions in the sky are not rare.
SPEAKER_1: They are common enough.
SPEAKER_1: You probably wouldn't pin the birth of your religion on it.
SPEAKER_2: Right.
SPEAKER_1: We gotta take a quick break for more StarTalk when we return.
SPEAKER_1: Welcome back to StarTalk.
SPEAKER_1: I'm your host, Neil deGrasse Tyson.
SPEAKER_1: I'm with my two guest hosts for this holiday episode.
SPEAKER_1: I've got Leanne Lord.
SPEAKER_1: Comedienne.
SPEAKER_1: How you doing, Leanne?
SPEAKER_2: I am excellent.
SPEAKER_1: Excellent, and Chuck Nice.
SPEAKER_2: Hey.
SPEAKER_1: You're with me, man.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, I am.
SPEAKER_1: Comedienne Chuck Nice.
SPEAKER_2: Correct.
SPEAKER_1: You might have seen him on NBC, The Today Show, and MSNBC.
SPEAKER_1: They always bring him on to talk about what's going down.
SPEAKER_2: This is true.
SPEAKER_2: And like I would know, that's what kills me.
SPEAKER_2: But I show up, I don't care.
SPEAKER_1: So this is sort of me hanging out, just reflecting on the science of the season.
SPEAKER_1: And one other point I wanted to finish out with, but after that first segment, if you take Halley's Comet, which comes around about every 76 years, and extrapolate it back, and factor in Jupiter messing with its orbit and things, you find out that Halley's Comet was around in 12 BC.
SPEAKER_1: And the Chinese made a note of a new comet in the sky at that time as well.
SPEAKER_1: They didn't call it Halley's Comet, of course.
SPEAKER_2: But I'm sure it was like Confucius' Comet.
SPEAKER_1: Right, the C-C.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah.
SPEAKER_4: C-square.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, that's right.
SPEAKER_4: C-square, diversity.
SPEAKER_1: So that would have been too early for what other guesses are for the year that Jesus was born.
SPEAKER_1: So they wouldn't, while it was there and something to talk about, it didn't jive.
SPEAKER_1: It didn't jive.
SPEAKER_1: So I want to make this segment about Santa Claus, a little more about Santa Claus.
SPEAKER_2: Right on.
SPEAKER_1: And I don't know if you know, but NORAD tracks Santa.
SPEAKER_1: Did you know this?
SPEAKER_1: Of course.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, you know.
SPEAKER_2: Well, no, because they have it on the news.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_1: Well, we will get to NORAD in a minute, but guess who I have on the phone?
SPEAKER_2: Okay.
SPEAKER_1: Actually, I'm not sure who I have on the phone either.
SPEAKER_1: Seth MacFarlane or Stewie.
SPEAKER_1: I don't know.
SPEAKER_5: But no, it's me.
SPEAKER_1: Seth MacFarlane.
SPEAKER_5: I'm being lazy today.
SPEAKER_5: How are you?
SPEAKER_1: How you doing, man?
SPEAKER_1: Thanks for calling in to StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_5: Anytime, anytime.
SPEAKER_1: Oh my gosh.
SPEAKER_1: You know what I want for Christmas?
SPEAKER_1: I want Stewie's plans for his time machine.
SPEAKER_5: Is it really?
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_5: You could probably do that yourself.
SPEAKER_2: That's so true.
SPEAKER_1: I don't know, but his was pretty cool.
SPEAKER_1: It was working.
SPEAKER_1: It was like, and my favorite part of that was he didn't have a timer.
SPEAKER_1: He didn't have a date stamp on where they ended up.
SPEAKER_1: And Brian complained, the dog, said, what, you don't have a timer on your time machine?
SPEAKER_1: And he said, oh, does your time machine have a timer?
SPEAKER_2: That indeed is a classic line.
SPEAKER_5: I've got a way better time machine than me.
SPEAKER_5: I would hope that your time machine would not have all the big, funny, plastic vacuum cleaner looking tubes that ours seems to have.
SPEAKER_1: Well, no, but if it's a time machine that no one's ever built before, it's got to be made out of stuff you had in your garage, I think.
SPEAKER_5: Yeah, it is a little bit of an A-Team cobbled together look to it.
SPEAKER_1: So, Seth, on so many of the Family Guy episodes, I detect a deep representation of science literacy in there.
SPEAKER_1: And I know it's coming out of some part of you.
SPEAKER_1: What in your life led you to have that as a sort of shared mission statement with making people laugh?
SPEAKER_5: Well, you know, I mean, it's something that has always been important to me and something that certainly my parents, when I was growing up, stressed the importance of rational thought and questioning everything, asking why things work the way they do instead of just accepting things that face value.
SPEAKER_5: You know, like yourself, I was a big great admirer of Carl Sagan and kind of devoured his writings over the course of my childhood and even up to this day.
SPEAKER_5: And, you know, it's something that we are losing touch with very much in this country and I think even in the context of a comedy show, if you can wave the flag of science a little bit and remind people that it's arguably the most important discipline on the planet, then, you know, I think that can only be a good thing.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, it's important because our security and our future and our economic health is all wrapped into it.
SPEAKER_2: That's pretty much everything.
SPEAKER_1: That's everything.
SPEAKER_3: That's it.
SPEAKER_2: That's everything.
SPEAKER_3: And we're done.
SPEAKER_1: Life, the universe and everything.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, so, you know, your Christmas special, I think everybody sees your Christmas special but I have a gripe about your Christmas special.
SPEAKER_1: Stewie goes to the North Pole to have an encounter with Santa Claus.
SPEAKER_1: So, the North Pole has like mountains and trees there.
SPEAKER_1: But we know there's just a polar bear on that one ice floe.
SPEAKER_1: That's all that's left.
SPEAKER_1: I thought you knew that.
SPEAKER_5: I knew I was going to take it from you.
SPEAKER_1: No, I think a lot of people just in general don't know that the North Pole has no land.
SPEAKER_1: It's just the Arctic Ocean.
SPEAKER_2: Right.
SPEAKER_2: And it's frozen up.
SPEAKER_5: But it doesn't bother you that there's elves and man-eating reindeer and that kind of thing?
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, I was cool with that.
SPEAKER_1: Well, Seth, we look forward to many, many more years of family guy and Stewie just telling it like it is while occasionally sucking his thumb.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_2: May I do something, Neil?
SPEAKER_1: Chuck.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah.
SPEAKER_2: Seth, this is something I've just always wanted to say to you forever.
SPEAKER_2: And that is, wouldn't it be marvelous if I turned out to be a homosexual?
SPEAKER_5: There you go.
SPEAKER_2: No, seriously, man, I'm asking you, wouldn't it be marvelous?
SPEAKER_1: This is the tension that he puts into the ambiguity there.
SPEAKER_1: Ambiguity?
SPEAKER_5: All righty, then I must not understand the word.
SPEAKER_1: Well, Seth, thanks for calling in, taking time out of your day in LA to be part of our sort of holiday show here.
SPEAKER_5: Anytime, Neil, anytime.
SPEAKER_1: And Seth, we'll catch more of you another time.
SPEAKER_5: All right, sounds good.
SPEAKER_1: Thanks.
SPEAKER_1: Seth MacFarlane.
SPEAKER_2: That was pretty damn cool.
SPEAKER_1: He's my man.
SPEAKER_1: He's my man over here in LA.
SPEAKER_1: So, let me tell you about Santa Claus and NORAD.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: Do you know what NORAD was invented for?
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: Now, that I don't.
SPEAKER_1: It was the North American air defense at a time when we believed that any invasion, any attacks to us would happen through airplanes flying through the air.
SPEAKER_1: And we felt our coasts were covered, Pacific and Atlantic.
SPEAKER_1: We were worried that Russia would come to us over the poles.
SPEAKER_2: Right.
SPEAKER_1: And if they come over the poles, they'd have to fly over Canada.
SPEAKER_1: So, we said, let's band together with Canada, create a defense system that protect us from anything coming over the poles.
SPEAKER_1: Then we learned that, hey, with intercontinental ballistic missiles, these are missiles that don't fly through the air.
SPEAKER_1: They leave the atmosphere, fly in the vacuum of space, then reenter.
SPEAKER_1: So they said, hey, we need a more grand name for it.
SPEAKER_1: So now it's the North American Aerospace Defense.
SPEAKER_2: Not to be confused with Aerosmith.
SPEAKER_1: Not at all.
SPEAKER_1: Or Aero Face.
SPEAKER_1: And so what's funny here is that it was initially to track what was coming back over the polls.
SPEAKER_1: And so one thing they do in December is they track Santa Claus.
SPEAKER_3: But wait, can we step back a minute?
SPEAKER_4: Is that why we left out Mexico?
SPEAKER_3: She's on her own?
SPEAKER_1: We don't care if the attack's coming in that way.
SPEAKER_1: If somebody's going to get bombed, they're going to bomb somebody long before it reaches Mexico.
SPEAKER_1: And so what we have here is Santa, who takes off on New Year's Eve, and NORAD, if you go to their website, NORAD Santa.
SPEAKER_1: It tracks Santa through the air.
SPEAKER_1: Now we should be glad that it tracks it rather than just taking it out of the sky.
SPEAKER_2: Bogey!
SPEAKER_1: That would make a bad headline the next day.
SPEAKER_2: That's pretty cool.
SPEAKER_1: NORAD shoots down Santa by accident.
SPEAKER_2: Nice.
SPEAKER_1: So what you have here is a, but you have, there's some issues here though, because there's certain, you have to think about what Santa has to accomplish.
SPEAKER_2: In order to make this happen.
SPEAKER_2: He has a big job.
SPEAKER_1: He's got a big job.
SPEAKER_1: Because you think, how many Christians are in the world?
SPEAKER_1: There might be a billion, billion and a half.
SPEAKER_1: How many Christian households might be anywhere between three and four hundred million?
SPEAKER_1: You also got to count the agnostics who are hedging their bets.
SPEAKER_1: They make the Santa list.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, add them in.
SPEAKER_2: And not to mention the Christmas Jews.
SPEAKER_1: The Christmas Jews.
SPEAKER_2: There are a lot of Christmas Jews.
SPEAKER_1: That's why they're Jewish.
SPEAKER_2: Is that what we're saying?
SPEAKER_1: That's kind of being Jewish.
SPEAKER_2: That's kind of.
SPEAKER_1: Kind of being a Jew, you're Jewish.
SPEAKER_1: So those who have Christmas trees, I would suppose, would be the target of Santa's visit.
SPEAKER_1: And so this is a lot of people to visit.
SPEAKER_1: He has to travel very fast.
SPEAKER_1: Very fast, we're looking at about 2000 miles per second, which is about 1% the speed of light.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah.
SPEAKER_1: So that's quick.
SPEAKER_1: You're talking about some awesome reindeer here.
SPEAKER_1: And so maybe Santa finds a portal through the space time continuum.
SPEAKER_2: It would have to.
SPEAKER_1: Or actually, they did in the movie.
SPEAKER_1: What's the movie where they go through the door?
SPEAKER_1: Monsters Inc.
SPEAKER_1: Each door in a child's room was actually a portal through the space time continuum.
SPEAKER_1: Connecting the factory to the home.
SPEAKER_1: So maybe this is what he's got to do.
SPEAKER_1: I don't know.
SPEAKER_1: But if you calculate all of this, it's a huge task for Santa to do.
SPEAKER_1: And NORAD tracks the progress of Santa.
SPEAKER_2: Wait a minute.
SPEAKER_2: How can they track something going at 2,000 miles per second?
SPEAKER_1: I'm not authorized to say.
SPEAKER_1: Just understand your tax dollars are being well spent.
SPEAKER_5: That's all you need to know.
SPEAKER_1: A quick history of that, it started in 1955.
SPEAKER_1: Right on.
SPEAKER_1: In Colorado, where NORAD is, it's in Cheyenne Mountain.
SPEAKER_5: Yay, Cheyenne Mountain.
SPEAKER_1: That's that hole in the mountain where they got the big door.
SPEAKER_1: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: That's where Stargate is.
SPEAKER_1: We'll talk more about that after the break.
SPEAKER_1: So in there with NORAD, what they did was, local Sears in Colorado posted a phone number to call Santa.
SPEAKER_1: And they accidentally gave the wrong phone number, and it was NORAD's phone number.
SPEAKER_1: NORAD's phone number.
SPEAKER_5: Wow, somebody got fired.
SPEAKER_2: Accidental air quotes.
SPEAKER_1: And so from that point on, they decided, well, why not actually turn this into something real?
SPEAKER_1: And we have all these tracking mechanisms, these tracking capacities.
SPEAKER_1: Let's do it for Santa, do it for the country, do it for the world.
SPEAKER_2: And oddly enough, you can buy all of that tracking equipment at searsandrobot.com.
SPEAKER_1: And so if you want to just learn more about all of what we're talking about, you can join us on Facebook.
SPEAKER_1: Easy to find us, StarTalk Radio, on Facebook.
SPEAKER_1: And you can actually follow us in the Twitterverse.
SPEAKER_1: Our Twitter handle is StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_1: And so when we come back, we have another phone call with one of my favorite people in the world.
SPEAKER_1: Bill Nye will be with us.
SPEAKER_1: We're back on StarTalk.
SPEAKER_1: I've got with me Leanne Lohr and Chuck Nice.
SPEAKER_1: And Leanne, you were joking with me recently about the computer voice that's about to tell you the world is gonna end, but the voice never acts frightened or anything.
SPEAKER_1: Is that, is this concerns you?
SPEAKER_5: What are you doing, Hal?
SPEAKER_3: What's wrong?
SPEAKER_5: Launch Colonial Viper One.
SPEAKER_2: So, I think that computer is a little too sexy.
SPEAKER_2: I was about to launch something else.
SPEAKER_1: That was nice, Chuck Nice, that was nice, Chuck Nice right there.
SPEAKER_1: So, anyway, so with NORAD, so that's what they do.
SPEAKER_1: They're responsible for the defense of North America, and they're deep in the mountain that protects themselves from nuclear holocaust where the rest of us die, and they'll protect whatever's left.
SPEAKER_1: And themselves.
SPEAKER_2: How do you get that job?
SPEAKER_1: Also, Stargate.
SPEAKER_5: Stargate.
SPEAKER_1: Stargate.
SPEAKER_5: SG-1, yes.
SPEAKER_1: They went through the door.
SPEAKER_5: They lived in the mountain.
SPEAKER_1: They lived in the mountain.
SPEAKER_2: That's right.
SPEAKER_1: And I actually had a cameo on Stargate Atlantis.
SPEAKER_2: No way.
SPEAKER_1: So I had a cameo with Bill Nye.
SPEAKER_1: The two of us were like, get out.
SPEAKER_1: We saw, we're on that.
SPEAKER_1: And my acting talents suck, I just want you to know.
SPEAKER_1: But you were fabulous in The Big Bang.
SPEAKER_2: I was gonna say, you were the only person there who actually knew what the hell you were talking about.
SPEAKER_1: I know what this button does.
SPEAKER_1: But I was on Stargate Atlantis with Bill Nye, who's a friend and colleague, and I think we have Bill Nye on the line.
SPEAKER_1: Bill Nye, Bill, are you there?
SPEAKER_4: Neil, greetings.
SPEAKER_1: Bill, you're calling us from LA.
SPEAKER_1: Thanks for taking time out of your day to be on StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_4: Are you kidding, for you?
SPEAKER_1: Okay, Bill, this is-
SPEAKER_1: This is our holiday show, and so I wanna know, Bill, because you're kind of an unusual character out there, in many ways, I'm not gonna list them, you know what they are.
SPEAKER_1: Among them, we wanna know, what did you ever want as a kid for Christmas?
SPEAKER_1: Was it something weird?
SPEAKER_4: For Newton's birthday, you mean?
SPEAKER_1: Newton, see what I tell you guys?
SPEAKER_1: When was Newton born?
SPEAKER_4: I didn't know it, but one year, Santa brought me a bicycle big enough for an adult to ride.
SPEAKER_4: And I had reached this point in my life, I had made this transition to adult leg length.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah.
SPEAKER_4: And man, I could crank that thing, gosh, it was fun.
SPEAKER_4: And so as you may know, I'm down now, I'm okay, I could quit if I wanted, I have five bicycles now.
SPEAKER_1: So you have bicycles on the brain and in the body right now.
SPEAKER_1: Plus I happen to know separately that you're a big bike enthusiast and you're buddies with who's the famous bike guy?
SPEAKER_2: Neil Armstrong?
SPEAKER_1: Neil Armstrong.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, how about Lance then?
SPEAKER_1: Lance, yeah, buddies with-
SPEAKER_1: So you're a big bicycle fanatic and so you did get a bike for your birthday, but you also said-
SPEAKER_4: No, it was for Newton's birthday.
SPEAKER_1: Newton, so Newton was born on Christmas.
SPEAKER_1: But I checked the, I looked at the records and he was born on Christmas in England, who had not yet adopted the Gregorian calendar, put forth into the rest of the Catholic world in 1584.
SPEAKER_1: So what are you saying he was born on Christmas?
SPEAKER_1: He was really born like January 5th or something.
SPEAKER_4: Fourth, I think.
SPEAKER_1: Fourth, okay.
SPEAKER_4: I always claimed that Isaac Newton's mother pretty much was thinking it was Christmas day.
SPEAKER_4: That's my claim.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, so whatever the mom says, that's what it is.
SPEAKER_2: Or either Newton is the Protestant baby Jesus.
SPEAKER_1: The Protestant baby Jesus.
SPEAKER_4: Well, he made a contribution.
SPEAKER_4: He just made some remarkable discoveries.
SPEAKER_2: There you go.
SPEAKER_4: But he was a significant guy.
SPEAKER_1: Newton was my man.
SPEAKER_1: He discovered the laws of optics and the laws of gravity and the laws of motion.
SPEAKER_5: And he makes a great computer.
SPEAKER_4: I'm talking fluid mechanics.
SPEAKER_4: He was all over it.
SPEAKER_4: He was an investigator.
SPEAKER_1: And fluid mechanics and viscosity is all about riding a bike fast and all about Santa trying to deliver presents on Christmas Day fast.
SPEAKER_4: And he's, but the thing is Santa has something else that I don't think Isaac Newton had.
SPEAKER_1: What's that?
SPEAKER_4: He's magic.
SPEAKER_2: Well, thank you.
SPEAKER_4: That is a huge time saver when you're gonna go worldwide.
SPEAKER_1: Bill, I don't come to you to explain the natural world by saying it's magic, you know?
SPEAKER_4: The natural world, I think you're talking about Santa Claus.
SPEAKER_4: And it's a product, I'll claim, and I don't think this is extraordinary.
SPEAKER_4: It's a product of humans.
SPEAKER_4: Yeah.
SPEAKER_4: Okay, and that's not a bad thing.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, but I just calculate how fast he'd have to go.
SPEAKER_1: He'd have to go 2,000 miles per second and traverse 200 million miles to deliver presents to all the Christian and agnostic and-
SPEAKER_4: And Jewish.
SPEAKER_4: Runs like estimations of house to house?
SPEAKER_1: Yes, exactly, house to house, and he scattered them all around the world.
SPEAKER_4: There's another thing, Dr.
SPEAKER_4: Tyson.
SPEAKER_1: What's that?
SPEAKER_4: The guy used to come to my house, he would eat the cookies I left, and drink the hot cocoa.
SPEAKER_1: Okay, that-
SPEAKER_4: You're telling me he did that at every house?
SPEAKER_1: That's why he is so large.
SPEAKER_1: So the calorie content of the cookies he eats is greater than the calories he burns getting from house to house.
SPEAKER_1: There it is.
SPEAKER_1: That's how that works.
SPEAKER_4: Uh-huh, huh, well, who knew?
SPEAKER_1: So Bill, I have to tell everyone, you are executive director of the Planetary Society.
SPEAKER_1: Do I still get to call you the science guy in that business?
SPEAKER_1: Oh, so do so.
SPEAKER_4: So the Planetary Society, we promote space exploration.
SPEAKER_1: There it is.
SPEAKER_1: And by the way, I'm not alone to know this, you're not only the science guy, you're the engineering dude too.
SPEAKER_4: I am, yes.
SPEAKER_1: And those are your roots.
SPEAKER_1: And we feel great to have you out there just carrying the torch.
SPEAKER_2: Very, very technical titles, I have to say.
SPEAKER_4: Engineers use science to solve problems and what else?
SPEAKER_4: Make things.
SPEAKER_4: Everything in your world, somebody thought of it, came out of somebody's head.
SPEAKER_4: How about that microphone?
SPEAKER_4: How about these radio signals?
SPEAKER_4: Somebody made that up.
SPEAKER_4: It's cool, it's exciting.
SPEAKER_2: And I disagree with you there, Mr.
SPEAKER_2: Science Guy.
SPEAKER_4: Uh-oh.
SPEAKER_2: I believe radio signals existed before we did.
SPEAKER_4: I don't think so.
SPEAKER_4: I think the-
SPEAKER_2: How do we receive them from space then?
SPEAKER_4: I don't wanna get all geeked out.
SPEAKER_5: Through our magic machines.
SPEAKER_4: I don't think anybody was selecting radio channels and making them into amplitude or frequency modulated signals.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, you mean that kind.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, it's that kind of.
SPEAKER_4: I say bring it on.
SPEAKER_1: Chuck Nice just got owned.
SPEAKER_1: But if you have to get owned by somebody, let it be Bill Nye, the Science Guy.
SPEAKER_4: Into the cosmos.
SPEAKER_4: Maybe somebody out there is enjoying the Dick Van Dyke show.
SPEAKER_4: Yeah.
SPEAKER_4: Or the Bill Nye, the Science Guy show.
SPEAKER_4: I'm just shooting from the hip.
SPEAKER_4: Way out there.
SPEAKER_5: Picking a random show.
SPEAKER_4: They can't quite tell what it is, but they wonder.
SPEAKER_1: Well, I'd rather they got the Bill Nye show than Howdy Doody or I Love Lucy as the emissaries of our culture.
SPEAKER_4: I think it's too late.
SPEAKER_4: But there might be a physical phenomenon that we don't understand.
SPEAKER_4: Maybe the Science Guy got there ahead of it.
SPEAKER_4: Maybe there's some crazy interstellar, you know, in that 4% of the dark matter, the dark energy that reverses things.
SPEAKER_4: And science things end up in front of the storytelling.
SPEAKER_1: That would be, that's a little, that's still a bit fantasy, I think.
SPEAKER_4: Well, I'm jamming.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_1: So what you're trying to say is that which we don't know about the universe works in favor of putting the Science Guy signal ahead of I Love Lucy.
SPEAKER_1: I'm saying, we can't rule it out.
SPEAKER_1: On behalf of regular people, might I say, huh?
SPEAKER_1: So Sir William, as I call you affectionately, Bill Nye, the Science Guy, thanks for calling in and being a friend of StarTalk Radio.
SPEAKER_1: No, and those of you who are regular listeners know that Bill Nye puts in a minute every now and then to just cause he's got a rant and get it off something off his chest.
SPEAKER_1: And we'll be hearing from him later in the season.
SPEAKER_1: So Bill, thanks for taking time out of your day.
SPEAKER_1: That's my Bill.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, too many titles.
SPEAKER_2: I love him.
SPEAKER_1: So you like Science Guy and Engineering Dude.
SPEAKER_1: That was what you...
SPEAKER_2: I love those titles, Science Guy, Engineering Dude.
SPEAKER_2: And those are two separate business cards completely.
SPEAKER_1: You know, there's another movie that showed NORAD and it was Independence Day.
SPEAKER_2: No.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, guess what happened in that?
SPEAKER_2: Is that where the aliens...
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, they totally took it out.
SPEAKER_2: Sweet.
SPEAKER_2: I have a movie question.
SPEAKER_2: Wasn't it in Terminator 3?
SPEAKER_5: Isn't that where they went at the end?
SPEAKER_2: Was that...
SPEAKER_4: It looked like it was a Cheyenne type place.
SPEAKER_1: It was a Cheyenne type place, but I don't think they had like the...
SPEAKER_2: No, I think that was in New Mexico.
SPEAKER_2: I don't know where it was though.
SPEAKER_5: I'm mixing my geek references.
SPEAKER_1: Yeah, you know, we just try to get that, get that.
SPEAKER_1: So when we come back from our break, we'll have another break.
SPEAKER_1: When we come back, I'm gonna tell you about what parts of the night sky are always there in the holiday season and have you learn much more about it than just to call it a constellation.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_1: In fact, we'll be targeting Orion, Orion the Hunter.
SPEAKER_1: Do you know about Orion?
SPEAKER_2: I know about his belt.
SPEAKER_2: I saw men in black.
SPEAKER_2: The universe is in Orion's belt.
SPEAKER_1: It was, yeah, it was the galaxy.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, that's right, sorry.
SPEAKER_2: The galaxy is in Orion's belt.
SPEAKER_1: On Orion's belt.
SPEAKER_5: I dated a dude named Orion, but I don't think that's who you're talking about.
SPEAKER_1: I met someone named Orion.
SPEAKER_1: Did you really?
SPEAKER_1: Yes, in a restaurant.
SPEAKER_1: He was a server.
SPEAKER_1: Was your guy a server?
SPEAKER_2: That is too far of a magnanimous name to, hello, I'm Orion, I'll be your server.
SPEAKER_1: I'm like, no, let me sit down and serve you.
SPEAKER_2: My name is Caesar.
SPEAKER_2: I'll be bringing you your Caesar.
SPEAKER_1: Your salad, I'll be bringing your salad.
SPEAKER_1: What I didn't know is, I mean, I've learned later his name was Orion.
SPEAKER_1: I showed me his business card.
SPEAKER_1: He convinced me he's Orion, is the guy's name.
SPEAKER_1: He said his mother, he said he was of the age where he might have been named Moon Unit or something less, yeah, so he got named Orion.
SPEAKER_1: So I said, take Orion any day.
SPEAKER_1: You're listening to our annual holiday episode.
SPEAKER_1: When we come back, we'll be talking about the night sky.
SPEAKER_1: We're back, I'm Neil deGrasse Tyson, your personal astrophysicist.
SPEAKER_1: This is the holiday show.
SPEAKER_2: Yes.
SPEAKER_1: And I'm just sort of waxing on about all the cosmic significance of the season, if I may.
SPEAKER_2: Please do.
SPEAKER_2: May I?
SPEAKER_1: So for example, constellations.
SPEAKER_1: People think of winter constellations or summer constellations.
SPEAKER_1: You can catch practically any constellation at some time of the night, any day of the year.
SPEAKER_1: So what we mean when we say it's a winter constellation is that it's up high in the sky between dinner and when you go to sleep.
SPEAKER_1: In the winter, okay?
SPEAKER_1: Typically.
SPEAKER_1: But you can find a winter constellation in the summer.
SPEAKER_1: It's just up at like four in the morning when you're not awake.
SPEAKER_1: So that's all.
SPEAKER_2: You mean when you're not awake.
SPEAKER_1: Comedians have a slightly different schedule.
SPEAKER_1: Excuse me, you work the nights.
SPEAKER_2: 4 a.m.
SPEAKER_1: That didn't come out right well.
SPEAKER_1: I work the night?
SPEAKER_5: Wait a minute.
SPEAKER_5: I'm a comedian, mom, really?
SPEAKER_1: So one of everyone's favorite constellations, but perhaps the most recognizable dude in the winter sky is Orion, Orion the Hunter.
SPEAKER_2: The Hunter.
SPEAKER_1: And Chuck, you said you know Orion's belt, but then you made a movie reference.
SPEAKER_2: Yes, Men in Black.
SPEAKER_1: Okay.
SPEAKER_2: That's the only way I know Orion's belt.
SPEAKER_2: And here's why, the only way I know Orion's belt is Men in Black, because when I look up in the sky, I can't see any of those pictures that say that this is the constellation.
SPEAKER_2: How, who came up with these?
SPEAKER_2: Like that's a hunter, that's a bull, that's a pair of scales, there's a lady in a dress.
SPEAKER_2: Where the hell did that come from?
SPEAKER_2: Because I can't see any of it.
SPEAKER_2: Thank you, I thought I was the only one.
SPEAKER_5: I could not see it, thank you.
SPEAKER_1: It came from opium, I just want you to know.
SPEAKER_2: Because I think you're right, to me Orion actually does look like a woman wearing an A-line skirt holding a credit card.
SPEAKER_2: That's not a sword, that is not a sword.
SPEAKER_1: All depends on, yeah, what you're-
SPEAKER_1: This is a matter of perspective.
SPEAKER_1: This is the Rorschach test for all of us.
SPEAKER_1: So Orion is a hunter, sometimes drawn facing forward, sometimes drawn facing away.
SPEAKER_1: So you get different views of his anatomy when this happens.
SPEAKER_1: Well, one of them, for example, is Orion's belt is the three bright stars that form a line.
SPEAKER_1: It's a distinct pattern in the sky and the ride has a sword hanging from the belt, dangling between his legs, which for me, if I were a hunter, that's not where I would carry my sword.
SPEAKER_1: I just want to make this point.
SPEAKER_2: Well, let me just say-
SPEAKER_3: Not since the dogs are right there.
SPEAKER_2: It depends on who you hunt.
SPEAKER_1: I'm just saying that's what that is.
SPEAKER_1: And so Orion is protecting himself from Taurus the Bull, which is over to his side.
SPEAKER_1: And Orion astrophysically is a remarkable part of the sky because it has a lot of cool astrophysical stuff going on in it.
SPEAKER_1: For example, Orion's shoulder is called Rigel.
SPEAKER_1: And no, no, sorry, sorry, how can I, excuse me.
SPEAKER_1: I'm about to say.
SPEAKER_1: Orion's shoulder is Betelgeuse.
SPEAKER_1: We have a movie called Betelgeuse.
SPEAKER_2: Betelgeuse, really?
SPEAKER_1: Betelgeuse, and that's how you pronounce it, Betelgeuse.
SPEAKER_2: Betelgeuse.
SPEAKER_1: And that is Arabic for armpit of the great one, in case you were wondering.
SPEAKER_2: Which, honestly, does not sound so great.
SPEAKER_4: And it's my nickname for my husband.
SPEAKER_1: So, Betelgeuse is one of the largest stars known, so large that if you put it where the sun is right now, it would be larger than the entire orbit of the Earth.
SPEAKER_1: We would be the cinder orbiting deep within its surface.
SPEAKER_2: Sweet.
SPEAKER_1: Very sweet.
SPEAKER_2: That is cool.
SPEAKER_1: It is so sweet.
SPEAKER_2: That is a huge star.
SPEAKER_2: I feel so small.
SPEAKER_1: Bigger than our entire orbit.
SPEAKER_2: That's what I'm saying.
SPEAKER_2: Yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.
SPEAKER_1: And so, then you go to his knee, right?
SPEAKER_1: And one of the stars forms his kneecap, and that's the star Rigel, which is a blue supergiant star.
SPEAKER_1: Both of those stars will one day explode, become a supernova, and be the brightest thing in the night sky, and would even be visible in the day.
SPEAKER_2: And not-
SPEAKER_2: So, you mean we will be on Earth, and we will look up in the sky, and we will see this star in the midday sun?
SPEAKER_1: Yes, yes.
SPEAKER_4: Technically, we will not be here.
SPEAKER_4: Thank you, yes.
SPEAKER_2: I'm just saying, that's a little bit far in the future.
SPEAKER_1: Get your we straight.
SPEAKER_1: And where Orion's sword is, that's dangling between his legs, is a region that is a nebula, a cloudy region where stars are being born.
SPEAKER_1: It's a stellar nursery.
SPEAKER_1: It's called the Orion Nebula.
SPEAKER_2: Right beneath the sword, because he will kill them the moment they are born.
SPEAKER_1: So this is Orion in the sky, viewable everywhere on earth over the holiday season.
SPEAKER_1: Now, the brightest star in the night sky is just off of the side of Orion.
SPEAKER_1: It's called Sirius.
SPEAKER_1: Right.
SPEAKER_1: Sirius.
SPEAKER_2: Sirius.
SPEAKER_1: Now, there are many things named Sirius.
SPEAKER_1: Sirius Radio.
SPEAKER_5: Sirius Satellite Radio, yes.
SPEAKER_1: Actually, we're not on Sirius Radio.
SPEAKER_2: No, we're not.
SPEAKER_1: That's their lost head, though.
SPEAKER_2: But they have been calling.
SPEAKER_5: Well, yeah, the icon for Sirius is the little dog.
SPEAKER_1: It's a little dog, because Sirius is the eye of Canis Major, the big dog.
SPEAKER_2: The dog star.
SPEAKER_1: It's the dog star.
SPEAKER_1: Sweet.
SPEAKER_1: It is the dog star.
SPEAKER_1: And in fact, the dog days of August are so called because Sirius rises just before the sun during the month of August, the heliocal rising of the-
SPEAKER_2: That's a call back, y'all!
SPEAKER_2: The dog days-
SPEAKER_1: The dog days of August.
SPEAKER_2: That is cool.
SPEAKER_1: And Sirius is popular in many cultures.
SPEAKER_1: It's the brightest star in the night sky.
SPEAKER_1: So if a culture is gonna have it, they're gonna, you know, if a culture is gonna have any star in the sky, that's a likely one.
SPEAKER_1: And the Egyptians worshiped the star.
SPEAKER_1: In fact, back when it was heliocally rose before the sun for them thousands of years ago, signaled the rise, the flooding of the Nile.
SPEAKER_1: So in fact, their agricultural calendar begins with the heliocal rising of Sirius.
SPEAKER_2: I gotta tell you, that's fascinating, I'm sorry, but I find it fascinating.
SPEAKER_2: It's fascinating.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, yeah.
SPEAKER_2: And it sounds serious.
SPEAKER_1: It's, okay, is that what that is?
SPEAKER_1: It's Sirius, Sirius the dog star.
SPEAKER_1: So these are, those are things you'll see in the nighttime sky, and of course the moon goes through.
SPEAKER_1: The full moon in December crosses the sky higher than any other moon of the year.
SPEAKER_1: So that's what creates this wonderful glow on the snow-laden landscapes.
SPEAKER_5: And fewer crazy people?
SPEAKER_1: And lunatics?
SPEAKER_1: There are lunatics at all phases of the moon, so I have come to learn.
SPEAKER_1: So I think we've come to the end of our house party.
SPEAKER_2: We are at the end of our helical ride.
SPEAKER_2: Where's the after party?
SPEAKER_1: I have to give my Tweet of the Week.
SPEAKER_1: Oh, yay.
SPEAKER_1: Because I've been thinking hard about this with Santa and all of this, and I'm wondering if Santa's moving 2,000 miles per second to visit the more than 22 million households to deliver gifts, sorry, 22 million miles of the half a billion households that he's gotta visit.
SPEAKER_1: This is, I did the quick back of the envelope calculation, aerodynamics, and Santa ain't gonna make it.
SPEAKER_2: You mean he can't make it every house or?
SPEAKER_1: For my Tweet of the Week, here it goes.
SPEAKER_1: For Santa to deliver gifts to all the world's Christians in one night requires hypersonic speeds, vaporizing his reindeer and sleigh.
SPEAKER_2: Oh, man.
SPEAKER_2: You killed Rudolph right before Chrisari.
SPEAKER_1: This has been our holiday show, and I wanna thank my guests.
SPEAKER_1: And as always, I bid you to keep looking up.